Global and world art in the practice of the university museum

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
List of photos......Page 14
List of figures......Page 17
List of tables......Page 18
List of boxes......Page 19
Preface......Page 20
Acknowledgments......Page 24
Introduction: global connections......Page 26
The perspective of cultural anthropology......Page 28
Cultural anthropology and business......Page 31
Anthropology’s major concept: culture......Page 35
Culture is learned......Page 36
Culture influences biological processes......Page 37
Marriage and family systems......Page 39
Social control systems......Page 41
Cultural change......Page 42
People from all cultures are ethnocentric......Page 45
Cultures are integrated wholes......Page 46
Corporations also are cultures......Page 48
Cultural differences in business: challenges and opportunities......Page 50
Cross-cultural scenarios......Page 51
2 Lenses for understanding culture and cultural differences......Page 53
Contrasting values......Page 54
How individualism–collectivism plays out in individual-oriented cultures......Page 57
Implications for business within collectivist cultures......Page 59
The equality–hierarchy dimension......Page 61
How equality–hierarchy plays out in egalitarian cultures......Page 62
The change orientation dimension......Page 63
How orientations to change play out in change-embracing cultures......Page 67
Implications for business within change-fearing cultures......Page 68
Precise versus loose reckoning of time......Page 69
Sequential versus synchronized time......Page 71
Past, present, and future orientations......Page 72
The busyness factor......Page 74
How time orientation plays out in loose/P-time cultures......Page 75
How time orientation plays out in future-oriented cultures......Page 76
Context......Page 77
Metaphors......Page 80
Change......Page 83
Conclusion......Page 86
Cross-cultural scenarios......Page 87
3 Communicating across cultures: the nonverbal dimension......Page 89
The nature of nonverbal communication......Page 90
Types of nonverbal communication......Page 91
Potential pitfalls in studying nonverbal communication......Page 92
Business introductions......Page 93
Business card exchange......Page 94
Gift giving......Page 95
Body posture......Page 98
Gaze......Page 99
Hand gestures......Page 101
Facial expressions......Page 105
Dress......Page 107
Proxemics......Page 110
New technologies and visual media......Page 114
Conclusion......Page 117
Cross-cultural scenarios......Page 119
Defining language......Page 120
Cultural competence is essential too!......Page 121
Language skills enable relationship and partnership building......Page 123
Knowing more than one language improves contextual understanding......Page 124
Spoken languages worldwide......Page 126
“What do they speak there?”......Page 127
When the assumptions turn out wrong......Page 128
Learning from firsthand experience......Page 129
The influence of culture on language......Page 131
Culture and sports......Page 132
Culture and language preservation......Page 133
The influence of language on culture......Page 134
Individualism vs. group-centeredness......Page 135
Directness vs. indirectness......Page 136
Taking relationship specifics into account......Page 138
Translation issues can lead to miscommunication......Page 139
Additional complicating factors......Page 141
Slang......Page 142
Euphemisms......Page 143
Accents......Page 144
Humor......Page 145
Email......Page 147
Text messages......Page 148
Chat/VoIP......Page 149
Cross-cultural scenarios......Page 150
5 Negotiating across cultures......Page 152
The nature of cross-cultural negotiation......Page 154
Where to negotiate......Page 155
Avoid cultural cluelessness......Page 157
Concentrate on long-term relationships, not short-term contracts......Page 158
Focus on the interests behind the positions......Page 161
Avoid overreliance on cultural generalizations......Page 163
Be sensitive to timing......Page 164
Remain flexible......Page 165
Prepare carefully......Page 167
Learn to listen, not just speak......Page 168
Act ethically and with integrity......Page 171
The use of interpreters......Page 175
During the negotiations: communicating with your counterpart......Page 176
Cross-cultural scenarios......Page 177
Partnership basics......Page 179
Meetings as opportunities for collaboration......Page 180
Meetings and national-culture differences......Page 181
Meetings and organizational-culture differences......Page 183
Lessons drawn from meetings......Page 184
Decision making and organizational-culture differences......Page 186
Leadership driven at Opel......Page 188
Collaboration at GM do Brasil......Page 189
Lessons drawn from decision-making models......Page 190
Partnering with on-site work colleagues......Page 191
Distinctions between local and global partnerships......Page 195
Global virtual partnerships......Page 196
Start-upstage......Page 199
Partnership process outcomes......Page 200
Partnership product outcomes......Page 202
Lessons drawn from partnering relationships and problem solving......Page 205
Cross-cultural scenarios......Page 206
Definition of cultural transformation......Page 208
Developing and implementing a plan for change......Page 209
Comparing the plan with the stated cultural ideals......Page 211
Analyzing the reactions to change......Page 212
Critical attributes of planned cultural transformation......Page 213
Core idea......Page 214
Culture......Page 215
Centralizing concept......Page 216
Culture understood......Page 217
Multi-stage process models......Page 218
Summary......Page 219
Mechanisms of change......Page 220
Acculturation......Page 221
Similarities to an anthropological approach......Page 222
Crises often force change: a manufacturing case study......Page 225
Process and problem solving as core ideas......Page 226
Process......Page 228
Conclusion......Page 232
Cross-cultural scenarios......Page 234
Consumer or customer: what’s the difference?......Page 236
An anthropological approach to understanding consumers......Page 237
The gold star question......Page 238
Design district......Page 240
At home with consumers......Page 242
A holistic approach to consumer research......Page 243
Coffee with an anthropological twist......Page 244
Fine chocolate without the guilt......Page 245
Collaborative approaches......Page 247
A day in the life … and a sportswear opportunity revealed......Page 248
A breath of fresh air … brought inside......Page 249
Inspirational characters with compelling stories......Page 251
Know thy consumers’ culture......Page 252
Cross-cultural scenarios......Page 254
9 Global leadership......Page 256
Globally oriented firms......Page 257
Recruiting and hiring......Page 258
Global virtual teams......Page 259
Business trip......Page 260
Rotational assignments......Page 261
Long-term assignments......Page 262
Integrating the global at home......Page 263
Expatriate numbers......Page 264
Preferences in expatriate locations......Page 266
The value of an expatriate strategy......Page 267
Counterpoint: reducing the use of expatriates......Page 268
Competencies for global leaders......Page 269
Cultural minimization......Page 270
Other global leadership competencies......Page 271
Balancing contradictions......Page 272
Preeminence of the technical......Page 273
Motivation......Page 274
Personality......Page 275
Gender......Page 276
Family circumstances......Page 277
Cross-cultural scenarios......Page 278
Language training......Page 280
CCT effectiveness......Page 281
CCT content......Page 283
Definition......Page 285
Stressful impacts......Page 286
Phases......Page 288
Positive impacts......Page 289
A role for the corporation......Page 290
Building a knowledge base......Page 292
Accessing local networks......Page 293
Repatriation......Page 295
Reentry shock......Page 296
Back home at the office......Page 297
Global strategy reimagined......Page 298
Conclusion......Page 299
Cross-cultural scenarios......Page 300
Chapter 2......Page 302
Chapter 3......Page 303
Chapter 6......Page 304
Chapter 7......Page 305
Chapter 9......Page 306
Chapter 10......Page 307
The traditional anthropological approach......Page 308
Some country-specific sources......Page 309
The electronic library......Page 310
Human resources for culture-specific information......Page 311
Foreign trade offices......Page 312
Private-sector consultants and trainers......Page 313
In-country documentary resources......Page 314
In-country human resources......Page 315
Conclusion......Page 316
Glossary......Page 317
References......Page 327
Index......Page 345