Glaciers, Sea Ice, and Ice Formation (Dynamic Earth)

TITLE......Page 4
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
INTRODUCTION......Page 13
THE WATER MOLECULE......Page 22
THE ICE CRYSTAL......Page 24
Hoarfrost and Rime......Page 25
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES......Page 26
THERMAL PROPERTIES......Page 27
ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES......Page 28
Ice Ages......Page 29
CHAPTER 2: PERMAFROST......Page 30
THE ORIGIN AND STABILITY OF PERMAFROST......Page 31
AIR TEMPERATURE AND GROUND TEMPERATURE......Page 32
CLIMATIC CHANGE......Page 33
PERMAFROST DISTRIBUTION IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE......Page 34
THE LOCAL THICKNESS OF PERMAFROST......Page 35
THE EFFECTS OF WATER BODIES......Page 36
THE EFFECTS OF SOLAR RADIATION, VEGETATION, AND SNOW COVER......Page 37
TYPES OF GROUND ICE......Page 38
ICE WEDGES......Page 40
ACTIVE WEDGES, INACTIVE WEDGES, AND ICE-WEDGE CASTS......Page 41
SURFACE MANIFESTATIONS OF PERMAFROST AND SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND......Page 42
POLYGONAL GROUND......Page 43
THERMOKARST FORMATIONS......Page 44
PINGOS......Page 45
PATTERNED GROUND......Page 46
SOIL FLOW......Page 47
THE STUDY OF PERMAFROST......Page 48
PERMAFROST ENGINEERING......Page 49
DEVELOPMENT IN PERMAFROST AREAS......Page 51
THE SEASONAL CYCLE......Page 54
ICE FORMATION IN LAKES......Page 55
NUCLEATION OF ICE CRYSTALS......Page 57
THE EFFECTS OF WIND MIXING......Page 58
THE RATES OF GROWTH......Page 59
VARIATIONS IN ICE STRUCTURE......Page 61
THINNING AND ROTTING......Page 62
MELTING......Page 63
THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF LAKE ICE......Page 64
ICE FORMATION IN RIVERS......Page 65
ACCUMULATING ICE COVER......Page 66
ICE BUILDUPS......Page 68
DECAY AND ICE JAMS......Page 70
RIVER ICE MODIFICATION......Page 71
THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF RIVER ICE......Page 73
CHAPTER 4: GLACIERS AND ICE SHEETS......Page 75
THE FORMATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GLACIER ICE......Page 77
MASS BALANCE......Page 79
HEAT OR ENERGY BALANCE......Page 81
GLACIER FLOW......Page 82
CLASSIFICATION OF MOUNTAIN GLACIERS......Page 85
SURFACE FEATURES......Page 87
MASS BALANCE OF MOUNTAIN GLACIERS......Page 89
THE FLOW OF MOUNTAIN GLACIERS......Page 91
Crevasse......Page 92
GLACIER HYDROLOGY......Page 93
Rock Glacier......Page 97
THE ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET......Page 98
THE GREENLAND ICE SHEET......Page 100
ACCUMULATION AND ABLATION OF THE ICE SHEETS......Page 103
NET MASS BALANCE......Page 106
THE FLOW OF THE ICE SHEETS......Page 108
Ross Ice Shelf......Page 109
THE INFORMATION FROM DEEP CORES......Page 111
THE RESPONSE OF GLACIERS TO CLIMATIC CHANGE......Page 114
GLACIERS AND SEA LEVEL......Page 115
GLACIERS AND TOPOGRAPHY......Page 117
GLACIAL EROSION......Page 119
GLACIAL DEPOSITION......Page 122
SMALL-SCALE FEATURES OF GLACIAL EROSION......Page 125
THE EROSIONAL LANDFORMS OF VALLEY GLACIERS......Page 127
THE EROSIONAL LANDFORMS OF CONTINENTAL GLACIERS......Page 132
DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS......Page 136
THE DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS OF VALLEY GLACIERS......Page 137
THE DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS OF CONTINENTAL GLACIERS......Page 138
MELTWATER DEPOSITS......Page 139
FELSENMEERS, TALUS, AND ROCK GLACIERS......Page 144
THE ORIGIN OF ANTARCTIC ICEBERGS......Page 146
THE ORIGIN OF ARCTIC ICEBERGS......Page 149
ICEBERG STRUCTURE......Page 151
ICEBERG SIZE AND SHAPE......Page 154
EROSION AND MELTING......Page 156
THE DISTRIBUTION OF ICEBERGS AND THEIR DRIFT TRAJECTORIES......Page 158
ICEBERG SCOUR AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT......Page 163
THE CLIMATIC IMPACTS OF ICEBERGS......Page 166
ICEBERG DETECTION, TRACKING, AND MANAGEMENT......Page 169
SEA ICE......Page 171
ICE SALINITY, TEMPERATURE, AND ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS......Page 172
SEA ICE FORMATION AND FEATURES......Page 173
PACK ICE DRIFT AND THICKNESS......Page 177
SEA ICE AND ITS INTERACTIONS WITH THE OCEANS, ATMOSPHERE, AND CLIMATE......Page 178
THE EMERGING IMPACTS OF RECENT CHANGES TO SEA ICE......Page 180
THE ARCTIC......Page 183
CONTINENTAL ICE SHEETS OF THE PAST......Page 184
TERRAIN......Page 187
DRAINAGE AND SOILS......Page 190
PRESENT-DAY GLACIATION......Page 192
GLACIER GROUPS......Page 194
CLIMATE......Page 197
THE ARCTIC OCEAN......Page 202
OCEANOGRAPHY......Page 203
SEA ICE IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN......Page 207
ANTARCTICA......Page 209
PHYSICAL FEATURES......Page 212
ANTARCTIC GLACIATION......Page 214
THE SURROUNDING SEAS......Page 218
CLIMATE......Page 221
THE POWER OF ICE......Page 225
BEARDMORE GLACIER......Page 227
LARSEN ICE SHELF......Page 228
LAURENTIDE ICE SHEET......Page 229
SHACKLETON ICE SHELF......Page 230
WILKINS ICE SHELF......Page 231
GLOSSARY......Page 233
PERMAFROST......Page 236
ICE IN LAKES AND RIVERS......Page 237
GLACIERS......Page 238
ICEBERGS AND SEA ICE......Page 239
SEA ICE......Page 240
THE LAND......Page 241
THE ARCTIC OCEAN......Page 242
GENERAL WORKS......Page 244
GLACIERS AND SEAS......Page 246
INDEX......Page 247