Glacial Landsystems

Book title......Page 2
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 9
List of Contributors......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 12
1.1 Landsystems......Page 14
1.2 Glacial Landsystems......Page 15
1.3 Aims and Scope of this Book......Page 23
2.1 Introduction......Page 25
2.2 Landform-Sediment Assemblages in Active Temperate Glacier Forelands......Page 27
2.3 Ancient Records of Active Temperate Glacier Margins......Page 48
2.4 Conclusion......Page 50
3.1 Introduction......Page 57
3.2 Sub-Polar Glaciers in the Canadian and Greenland High Arctic......Page 58
3.3 Glacial Geology and Geomorphology......Page 62
3.4 Overlaps With Other Glacigenic Landsystems......Page 75
3.5 Conclusion......Page 77
4.1 Introduction and Rationale......Page 78
4.2 Structural Glaciological Controls on Debris Entrainment and Transport......Page 82
4.3 Geomorphology and Sedimentology of Receding Svalbard Glaciers......Page 88
4.4 A Landsystem Model for Svalbard Glaciers......Page 99
4.6 Conclusions......Page 100
5.2 Polar Ice-Marginal Environments......Page 102
5.3 Ice Margins in Low-Relief Landscapes......Page 104
5.4 Ice-Contact Landforms and Sediments......Page 109
5.5 Ice Margins in High-Relief Areas......Page 114
5.6 Towards a Depositional Model......Page 121
6.1 Introduction......Page 124
6.2 Physical Setting and Timing of Glaciation......Page 125
6.4 Mapping and Classification of the Data......Page 127
6.5 Landsystems of the Southern Laurentide Ice Sheet......Page 128
6.6 Discussion......Page 149
6.7 Conclusions......Page 155
7.2 The Region and Its General Glacial Landscape......Page 156
7.3 Glacial Landscape Zones......Page 158
7.4 General Interpretation......Page 162
7.5 Constraints on Interpretation of Glacial Landforms and Deposits in the Continuous Permafrost Zone......Page 166
7.6 Process-Form Relationships: Towards a Landsystem Model for the Permafrost Zone......Page 167
7.7 Discussion and Conclusion......Page 176
8.1 Introduction......Page 179
8.2 Glacial History......Page 183
8.3 Regional Geology and Glacial Landsystems......Page 185
8.4 Distribution of Glacial Landforms and Glacitectonic Styles......Page 189
8.5 Structures Developed in Response to Subglacial Deformation......Page 194
8.6 Structural Style of Subglacial Shear Zones......Page 196
8.7 Ductile Shear Zone Structures......Page 198
8.8 Brittle Shear Zone Structures......Page 200
8.9 Glacifluvial Outwash, Ice-Marginal Valleys and Lakes......Page 202
8.10 Glacial Landsystems of the Northern European Plains......Page 205
8.11 Conclusions......Page 213
8.12 Summary – Landform-Sediment Associations of the Southern Scandinavian Ice Sheet......Page 215
9.2 Significance of Palaeo-Ice Streams......Page 217
9.3 Hypotheses of Palaeo-Ice Stream Locations......Page 220
9.4 Problems in Identifying Palaeo-Ice Streams......Page 221
9.5 Characteristics of Existing Ice Streams......Page 222
9.6 Geomorphological Criteria of Ice-Stream Activity......Page 223
9.7 A Landsystem Model for Palaeo-Ice Streams......Page 231
9.8 Application of Landsystem Models......Page 234
9.9 Conclusion......Page 240
10.1 Introduction......Page 241
10.2 Landforms......Page 242
10.3 The Supraglacial Landsystem Model......Page 264
11.1 Introduction and Rationale......Page 272
11.2 Geomorphology and Sedimentology of Contemporary Surging Glaciers......Page 273
11.3 Summary of the Landsystems Model for Surging Glaciers......Page 292
11.4 Application of the Surging Glacier Landsystem......Page 294
11.5 Conclusion......Page 297
12.1 The Continental Shelf System......Page 302
12.2 The Continental Slope and Adjoining Deep-Sea System......Page 316
12.3 Summary......Page 325
13.1 Introduction......Page 326
13.2 Sedimentary Processes and External Forces......Page 328
13.3 Geomorphology and Depositional Systems......Page 334
13.4 Modelling Fjord Landsystems......Page 355
13.5 Conclusion......Page 360
14.2 Controls on Formation and Extent of Proglacial Lakes......Page 361
14.3 The Sedimentary Record of Large Proglacial Lakes......Page 363
14.4 Summary of Development of Large Proglacial Lakes......Page 381
15.1 Introduction......Page 385
15.3 Sediment Transport Pathways......Page 386
15.4 Dynamics of Debris-Covered Glaciers......Page 391
15.5 Landsystems of Glacial Deposition......Page 392
15.6 Rock Glaciers......Page 407
15.7 Landsystems of Proglacial Deposition......Page 410
15.9 Ice- and Moraine-Dammed Lakes......Page 413
15.10 Glaciated Valley Landsystems: Synthesis......Page 415
15.11 Changes in Landsystem Distribution Over Space and Time......Page 417
15.12 Conclusions......Page 418
16.1 Introduction and rationale......Page 420
16.2 Area Altitude Relationship for Plateau Icefields......Page 421
16.3 Contemporary Plateau Icefields......Page 422
16.4 Dynamics of Plateau Icefields......Page 432
16.5 The Plateau Icefield Landsystem......Page 435
16.6 Impact of Plateau Ice on Reconstructed Equilibrium Line Altitudes......Page 439
16.7 Discussion......Page 441
16.8 Conclusions......Page 444
17.1 Introduction......Page 445
17.2 Paraglacial Landsystems......Page 448
17.3 Paraglacial Rock Slope Landsystems......Page 449
17.4 Paraglacial Drift-Mantled Slope Landsystems......Page 454
17.5 Paraglacial Modification of Glacier Forelands......Page 457
17.6 Paraglacial Alluvial Landsystems......Page 460
17.7 Paraglacial Sedimentation in Lakes......Page 465
17.8 Paraglacial Coastal Landsystems......Page 466
17.9 Paraglacial Landsystems and Postglacial Landscape Change......Page 471
17.10 Implications for Glacial Landsystems......Page 473
References......Page 475
B......Page 535
D......Page 536
G......Page 537
H......Page 538
M......Page 539
P......Page 541
S......Page 542
T......Page 544
Z......Page 545