GIS and Crime Mapping (Mastering GIS: Technol, Applications & Mgmnt)

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 15
1.1 The geography of crime......Page 17
1.2 A brief history of GIS and crime mapping......Page 18
1.3 Using GIS in policing and to prevent crime......Page 19
1.4 The audience for this book......Page 20
1.5 The content and structure of the book......Page 21
Case study: Crime mapping in Lincoln, Nebraska......Page 23
Further reading......Page 26
References......Page 27
2.1 Introduction......Page 29
2.2 The terminology of services in the criminal justice environment......Page 30
2.3 The spatial hierarchy of the criminal justice system and crime reduction services......Page 35
Case study: Policing across the spatial hierarchy in the UK – The National Intelligence Model......Page 37
2.4 The geographical jurisdiction of law enforcement and crime reduction services......Page 38
2.5 The use of crime mapping in law enforcement and crime reduction......Page 40
Case study: Using GIS to monitor the effect of alley-gating schemes......Page 44
2.6 Summary......Page 47
References......Page 49
Learning Objectives......Page 53
3.1 What is a GIS?......Page 54
3.2 How does a GIS work?......Page 56
3.3 GIS files......Page 57
3.4 Coordinate systems and projections......Page 59
3.5 Getting crime data into a GIS......Page 62
Case study: Using GPS technology to capture environmental crime incidents in North London, England......Page 66
3.6 Geocoding in the real world......Page 68
3.8 Address reference files......Page 72
Case study: Geocoding crime data at the point of record entry in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland......Page 74
3.9 Geocoding functions......Page 75
3.10 Geocoding and fitness for purpose......Page 76
3.11 Measuring geocoding accuracy......Page 77
Case study: Handling uncertainty and incompleteness in crime records......Page 80
3.12 Mapping and unreported crime data......Page 81
3.13 Editing data in a GIS......Page 84
3.15 Performing spatial functions and integrating data in a GIS......Page 85
3.16 Asking spatial questions before mapping or analysing data......Page 86
Further reading......Page 91
References......Page 92
4.1 Introduction......Page 95
4.2 Early environmental criminology......Page 97
4.3 The space and time of offences......Page 102
4.4 Offender–offence interaction......Page 112
4.5 Spatial crime theory in practice......Page 123
Further reading......Page 125
References......Page 126
Learning Objectives......Page 131
5.2 Spatial processes......Page 132
5.3 Centrographic statistics......Page 135
5.4 Estimates of spatial dependence......Page 142
Case study: The application of Moran's I on burglary at the state level in the United States of America......Page 148
5.5 Spatial regression models......Page 150
Case study: A spatial lag model of anonymous narcotics tips in Philadelphia, USA......Page 153
Case study: Local spatial processes with Geographically Weighted Regression......Page 154
5.6 Summary......Page 156
Further reading......Page 157
References......Page 158
6.1 Introduction......Page 161
6.2 When is a hotspot 'hot'?......Page 163
6.3 Point maps......Page 164
6.4 Geographic boundary thematic mapping......Page 166
6.5 Grid thematic mapping......Page 169
6.6 Continuous surface smoothing methods......Page 171
Case study: Mapping hotspots of thefts of vehicles in Camden, London......Page 178
6.7 Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) statistics......Page 179
6.8 Considering the underlying population......Page 188
Case study: Identifying street crime risk hotspots in the West End of London using pedestrian counts......Page 190
6.9 Predictive crime mapping......Page 193
6.10 Summary......Page 195
References......Page 196
Learning Objectives......Page 199
7.2 What are crime reduction partnerships?......Page 200
7.3 Mapping and the benefits of partnership working......Page 202
Case study: Comparing the perception of where crime happens with where crime actually happens......Page 203
7.4 Partnership data......Page 205
Case study: Crime And Disorder Information Exchange (CADDIE), Sussex, England......Page 211
7.5 Information sharing......Page 215
Case study: The Amethyst Crime and Disorder Information Hub, Cornwall, England......Page 231
7.6 Combining data from different geographic units......Page 233
7.7 Summary......Page 239
Further reading......Page 240
References......Page 241
8.1 Introduction......Page 243
8.2 The timeline......Page 245
8.3 Temporal resolution and querying a temporal database......Page 248
8.4 Comparing two distributions......Page 251
8.5 Mapping temporal change with graphs......Page 255
8.6 Using animation......Page 260
8.7 Quantifying change over time......Page 265
8.8 Aoristic analysis......Page 271
Case study: Aoristic analysis of vehicle crime in Sydney's Eastern Suburbs......Page 273
8.9 Summary......Page 274
References......Page 275
Learning Objectives......Page 277
9.1 Introduction......Page 278
9.2 CompStat......Page 279
Case study: CompStat mapping in the Philadelphia Police Department......Page 284
Case study: CompStat from a management perspective......Page 288
9.3 Intelligence products in the UK......Page 291
9.4 Repeat victimisation......Page 294
9.5 The hotspot matrix......Page 297
Case study: A street crime hotspot matrix......Page 301
Further reading......Page 303
References......Page 304
Learning Objectives......Page 307
10.1 Introduction......Page 308
10.2 Understanding offenders......Page 310
10.3 The journey to crime......Page 316
10.4 Geographic profiling......Page 322
Case study: Geographic profile for Operation Lynx......Page 325
10.5 Using maps as evidence......Page 329
Case study: Using maps as evidence in a murder trial in Florida......Page 330
10.6 Detecting offenders through their self-selection......Page 332
Case study: Self-selection of offenders through illegal parking in disabled parking bays......Page 335
10.7 Summary......Page 337
References......Page 338
Learning Objectives......Page 343
11.1 Introduction – the level of strategic crime control......Page 344
11.2 Policing for crime reduction......Page 345
Case study: Supporting strategic crime analysis in London, England......Page 352
11.3 Analysing the underlying drivers of crime......Page 353
11.4 The geography of neighbourhood studies......Page 360
Case study: Street corner geography for street corner problems?......Page 365
Further reading......Page 368
References......Page 369
12.1 Introduction – the purpose of the map......Page 373
12.2 Design considerations......Page 375
12.3 Visual variables and colour......Page 386
12.4 Thematic maps of areal data......Page 393
12.5 Thematic maps of point data......Page 400
12.6 Getting away from paper: The digital age......Page 401
12.7 Summary......Page 405
References......Page 406
Learning Objectives......Page 409
13.1 Introduction......Page 410
13.2 Implementing crime mapping......Page 411
13.3 Understanding the role of crime analysis......Page 419
Case study: Crime mapping and analysis in the Glendale Police Department, Arizona......Page 426
13.4 Organising the production of crime mapping products......Page 429
Case study: Project Spectrom – a new operational policing model for West Midlands Police, England......Page 432
Case study: The importance of management to support crime analysis......Page 435
Further reading......Page 438
References......Page 439
C......Page 443
G......Page 445
N......Page 446
S......Page 447
Z......Page 448