Ginkgo Biloba (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles)

GINKGO BILOBA......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 6
FOREWORD......Page 8
PREFACE TO THE SERIES......Page 10
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 12
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY......Page 16
ECOLOGY......Page 18
Sexual Reproduction......Page 21
Seed Dispersal and Establishment......Page 22
Tree Architecture......Page 23
Ornamental Uses......Page 24
Seed Production......Page 27
Leaf Production......Page 28
REFERENCES......Page 30
NOMENCLATURE AND SYSTEMATICS......Page 33
VEGETATIVE ORGANS......Page 36
Anatomy of the Vegetative Organs......Page 39
The Male Blossom......Page 42
The development of the male gametophyte......Page 44
The Female Blossom......Page 45
The development of the female gametophyte......Page 46
EMBRYOLOGY, SEED, GERMINATION......Page 47
KARYOLOGY......Page 48
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF SYSTEMATICAL AND APPLIED BOTANY......Page 51
SUMMARY......Page 52
REFERENCES......Page 53
INTRODUCTION......Page 56
Non-destructive Approaches......Page 57
Selective labeling of polysaccharides......Page 60
LIGNIFICATION OF XYLEM CELL WALL OF GINKGO......Page 61
CONCLUSION......Page 66
REFERENCES......Page 67
INTRODUCTION......Page 70
BIOLOGY OF GINKGO......Page 71
ARCHITECTURE OF THE TREE......Page 72
PROPAGATION......Page 73
Vegetative Propagation......Page 74
Sexual Reproduction......Page 75
Pruning......Page 76
Mineral Nutrition......Page 77
Weed Control......Page 78
Pests......Page 79
Diseases......Page 80
HARVESTING OF LEAVES AND QUALITY......Page 81
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......Page 83
REFERENCES......Page 84
INTRODUCTION......Page 87
Kinetics of cells cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium......Page 88
Type of explants leading to an embryogenesis......Page 89
Somatic embryogenesis......Page 92
Gametophytic embryogenesis......Page 94
Ginkgolide and bilobalide biosynthesis......Page 97
Site of biosynthesis of ginkgolides and bilobalide......Page 98
REFERENCES......Page 100
Technology, Plant and Equipment......Page 104
Environmental Protection......Page 105
MANUFACTURE OF EGB 761......Page 106
Leaf Quality......Page 107
Quality Control of Raw Materials and Consumables......Page 109
Quality Control of the Process......Page 110
REFERENCES......Page 112
Terpene Trilactones......Page 114
Triterpenes (steroids, phytosterols)......Page 116
Polyprenols......Page 117
FLAVONOIDS......Page 118
Flavanols......Page 120
Flavones......Page 121
Flavonols......Page 122
ORGANIC ACIDS......Page 125
Alkyl Phenolic Acids and Alkyl Phenols......Page 126
Alkyl coumarins......Page 127
Long Chain Hydrocarbons......Page 128
Cyclites......Page 129
Glycerol derivatives......Page 130
Cytokinins......Page 131
6-Hydroxykynurenic acid (6-HKA)......Page 132
Calcium oxalate......Page 133
Literature......Page 139
INTRODUCTION......Page 148
UNIQUENESS OF THE GINKGOLIDE SKELETON......Page 149
THE TRILACTONES......Page 150
FIRST ENCOUNTER WITH NOE......Page 152
BISNOR GA AND PHOTODEHYDRO GA......Page 153
X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY......Page 154
REFERENCES......Page 155
INTRODUCTION......Page 156
THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (TLC)......Page 157
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)......Page 159
Gas Chromatography (GC)......Page 167
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)......Page 173
Capillary electrophoresis......Page 174
Biological control methods......Page 175
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)......Page 176
CONCLUSIONS......Page 177
REFERENCES......Page 180
FLAVONOIDS OF GINKGO BILOBA LEAVES......Page 184
Spectrophotometric determination......Page 185
Reversed phase HPLC......Page 187
Determination of Biflavonoids......Page 193
Reversed phase HPLC......Page 195
ONTOGENETIC STUDIES......Page 200
STANDARDISATION OF GINKGO EXTRACTS AND COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS......Page 201
CONCLUSIONS......Page 204
REFERENCES......Page 205
NATURAL DISTRIBUTION, NOMENCLATURE AND BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 208
OCCURRENCE AND ANALYSIS......Page 209
Ginkgo biloba Leaves......Page 216
CONCLUSIONS......Page 217
REFERENCES......Page 218
DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT POLYPRENOLS......Page 220
BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 221
Function of Dolichols and Polyprenols......Page 224
Analysis of Polyprenols and Dolichols......Page 225
HPLC......Page 226
SFC......Page 229
REFERENCES......Page 230
INTRODUCTION......Page 234
ISSUES IN THE STANDARDIZATION......Page 235
Packaging, Storage and Labeling......Page 236
Botanical characteristics......Page 237
Separation techniques......Page 238
Microbial Limits......Page 239
Quantitative Determination of "Active" Ingredients......Page 240
Content of flavonol glycosides......Page 241
TOXIC IMPURITIES IN BOTANICAL MONOGRAPHS AND THEIR LIMITS......Page 242
CONCLUSION......Page 243
REFERENCES......Page 244
Ginkgo Leaf......Page 245
Identification—......Page 246
Content of flavonol glycosides—......Page 248
CONTROL OF STARTING MATERIAL (Ginkgo biloba leaves)......Page 250
Identification......Page 252
Determination of Ash......Page 253
Test for Aflatoxins......Page 254
Identification of Markers/Active Substances......Page 255
Terpene trilactones......Page 256
Ginkgol and ginkgolic acid......Page 258
Aflatoxins......Page 260
Pesticides......Page 261
CONTROL TESTS ON FINISHED PRODUCT......Page 264
CONCLUSION......Page 265
REFERENCES......Page 268
BIRTH OF EGb 761......Page 271
MANUFACTURING OF EGb 761......Page 273
CULTIVATION OF GINKGO TREES IN WESTERN COUNTRIES......Page 274
MOLECULAR CONSTITUENTS OF EGB 761......Page 276
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON GINKGO BILOBA......Page 278
CONCLUSION......Page 279
REFERENCES......Page 280
INTRODUCTION......Page 282
Rabbit isolated aorta......Page 283
Rabbit isolated saphenous artery and vein......Page 285
Isolated Heart Preparations......Page 286
Vascular endothelial cells......Page 287
Action potential and transmembrane ionic currents in cardiomyocytes......Page 288
Platelets......Page 290
Uptake of Biogenic Amines......Page 291
Membrane Fluidity......Page 293
Experiments with Neutrophils......Page 294
Lipid peroxidation and free radical generation in microsomes......Page 295
Free radical-scavenging activity of EGb 761 shown with gamma-radiolysis......Page 296
Experiments with nitric oxide (NO)......Page 297
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 298
REFERENCES......Page 300
INTRODUCTION......Page 305
Myocardial ischaemia in anaesthetized animals......Page 306
Myocardial ischaemia in rat heart ex vivo......Page 307
Formed Elements of the Blood: Hemorheology......Page 308
Erythrocytes......Page 309
Vascular Permeability and Vasospasm......Page 311
ACTIONS OF EGb 761 ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 312
Cerebral Ischaemia......Page 313
Cerebral Edema......Page 314
Cortical hemiplegia......Page 315
Brain noradrenergic and serotoninergic (5-HT) receptors......Page 316
Brain dopaminergic systems......Page 317
EGb 761, learning ability, and the stress-associated hormones, epinephrine, corticosterone and norepinephrine......Page 318
“Social interaction” test......Page 319
Models of retinopathy......Page 322
Vestibular Compensation......Page 323
In Vivo/Ex Vivo Evidence for Free Radical-Scavenging, Antioxidant and Anti-Lipoperoxidative Activities of EGb 761......Page 324
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 325
REFERENCES......Page 326
CLINICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF GINKGO EXTRACTS......Page 332
GINKGO EXTRACTS AS NEUROPROTECTANTS......Page 333
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE GINKGOLIDES TO THE NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF GINKGO EXTRACTS......Page 334
CONCLUSIONS......Page 336
REFERENCES......Page 337
INTRODUCTION......Page 346
PHARMACODYNAMIC TRIALS IN HUMANS......Page 348
Impairment of Cerebral Function/Cerebral Insuffiency......Page 349
Dementia......Page 355
Cerebral Insufficiency and Depressed Mood......Page 361
METAANALYSES......Page 362
DISCUSSION......Page 366
REFERENCES......Page 367
INTRODUCTION......Page 372
Efficacy of G.biloba in Patients with PAOD Fontaine’s Stages II and III......Page 373
Efficacy of G.biloba in Patients with PAOD Fontaine’s Stage IIb......Page 374
CONCLUSION......Page 381
REFERENCES......Page 384
INTRODUCTION......Page 386
Types of Literature Review......Page 387
Ginkgo biloba Reviews......Page 388
Review Strategy: General Considerations......Page 389
Diagnostic uncertainties......Page 390
Strategy for Searching the Literature......Page 392
Column 1......Page 393
Column 5......Page 394
Column 6......Page 395
Column 8......Page 396
Reflection on the Study Results......Page 397
Introduction......Page 404
Dementia......Page 405
Cognitive impairment......Page 412
Non-cognitive signs and symptoms......Page 418
Subjective cognitive and non-cognitive symptoms......Page 422
Depression as the leading symptom of cerebral insufficiency......Page 425
Cerebral insufficiency, not clearly specified......Page 427
Reflection on the Study Results......Page 433
CLINICAL EFFICACY OF GINKGO BILOBA IN MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS......Page 434
CONCLUSIONS......Page 435
REFERENCES......Page 436
INTRODUCTION......Page 444
Acute Toxicity......Page 445
Oral Administration......Page 446
INTERACTION WITH OTHER MEDICATIONS......Page 448
REFERENCES......Page 449
FOOD POISONING BY GINKGO SEEDS......Page 453
4-O-METHYLPYRIDOXINE (MPN) AS THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF GINKGO SEED FOOD POISONING......Page 454
Convulsion-related Factors in Brain Tissue after Administration of MPN in Guinea Pigs......Page 457
A Case of Food Poisoning by Ginkgo Seeds and Determination of MPN in Serum of the Patient......Page 459
Treatment of Food Poisoning by Ginkgo Seeds......Page 460
DETOXIFICATION OF MPN USING BILOBALIDE FOUND IN GINKGO LEAVES......Page 461
PREVENTION OF FOOD POISONING BY GINKGO SEEDS......Page 462
REFERENCES......Page 463
HISTORY......Page 466
HOMEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS......Page 467
DEVELOPMENT OF GINKGO BILOBA AS A HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINE......Page 468
PREPARATION, FORMULATION AND QUALITY CONTROL......Page 470
REFERENCES......Page 471
INTRODUCTION......Page 473
CHEMISTRY......Page 475
Ginkgo biloba......Page 477
Ginkgo biloba Dimeric Flavonoids......Page 480
CONCLUSION......Page 484
REFERENCES......Page 486
Patent Retrieval and Ordering......Page 488
Patents on the Preparation of Extracts of Ginkgo biloba......Page 489
Polyprenols......Page 490
Patents on the Preparation of Derivatives of Compounds, Extracted from Ginkgo biloba......Page 491
Patents on Methods to Modify or Transform Extracts or Compounds from Ginkgo biloba......Page 492
Patents on the Use of Extracts or Compounds from Ginkgo biloba as PAF-Antagonists......Page 493
Hair formulations......Page 494
Other personal health care patents......Page 495
Medicinal uses......Page 496
Non-medicinal uses......Page 498
8. Patents which are Not Specific for Ginkgo biloba......Page 499
DISCUSSION......Page 500
REFERENCES......Page 501
MARKET SIZE......Page 513
PRICING AND COMPETITION......Page 515
Sources: Manufacturers/Distributors of G.biloba products......Page 516
IS “GINKGOLOGY” A VALID CONCEPT?......Page 518
THE EXPANSION OF GINKGOLOGY......Page 519
NEW CONCEPT IN GINKGOLOGY......Page 520
GINKGO EXTRACT AS A NEUROPROTECTIVE DRUG......Page 521
IMPROVED KNOWLEDGE OF THE MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 522
QUESTIONS AND DEVELOPMENTS......Page 523
REFERENCES......Page 526