Getting started on classical Latin

Note continued: 9.3.1. Principle of the machine and problem data --
9.3.2. Creation of the diagram --
9.3.3. Creation of simulator elements --
9.3.4. Setting points --
9.3.5. Setting of processes --
9.4. Air conditioning installation --
9.4.1. Principle of installation and problem data --
9.4.2. Supply conditions --
9.4.3. Properties of the mix (outdoor air/recycled air) --
9.4.4. Air treatment --
9.4.5. Plot on the psychrometric chart --
10. General Issues on Cycles, Energy and Exergy Balances --
10.1. General issues on cycles, notations --
10.1.1. Motor cycles --
10.1.2. Refrigeration cycles --
10.1.3. Carnot cycle --
10.1.4. Regeneration cycles --
10.1.5. Theoretical and real cycles --
10.1.6. Notions of efficiency and effectiveness --
10.2. Energy and exergy balance --
10.2.1. Energy balances --
10.2.2. Exergy balances --
10.2.3. Practical implementation in a spreadsheet --
10.2.4. Exergy balances of complex cycles --
10.3. Productive structures --
10.3.1. Establishment of a productive structure --
10.3.2. Relationship between the diagram and the productive structure --
10.3.3. Implementation in Thermoptim --
10.3.4. Automation of the creation of the productive structure --
10.3.5. Examples --
10.3.6. Conclusion --
References --
3. Main Conventional Cycles --
11. Introduction: Changing Technologies --
11.1. Limitation of fossil resources and geopolitical constraints --
11.2. Local and global environmental impact of energy --
11.2.1. Increase in global greenhouse effect --
11.2.2. Reduction of the ozone layer --
11.2.3. Urban pollution and acid rain --
11.3. Technology transfer from other sectors --
11.4. Technological innovation key to energy future --
References --
Further reading --
12. Internal Combustion Turbomotors --
12.1. Gas turbines --
12.1.1. Operating principles --
12.1.2. Examples of gas turbines --
12.1.3. Major technological constraints --
12.1.4. Basic cycles --
12.1.5. Cycle improvements --
12.1.6. Mechanical configurations --
12.1.7. Emissions of pollutants --
12.1.8. Outlook for gas turbines --
12.2. Aircraft engines --
12.2.1. Turbojet and turboprop engines --
12.2.2. Reaction engines without rotating machine --
References --
Further reading --
13. Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines --
13.1. General operation mode --
13.1.1. Four- and two-stroke cycles --
13.1.2. Methods of cooling --
13.2. Analysis of theoretical cycles of reciprocating engines --
13.2.1. Beau de Rochas ideal cycle --
13.2.2. Diesel cycle --
13.2.3. Mixed cycle --
13.2.4. Theoretical associated cycles --
13.3. Characteristic curves of piston engines --
13.3.1. Effective performance, MEP and power factor --
13.3.2. Influence of the rotation speed --
13.3.3. Indicated performance, IMEP --
13.3.4. Effective performance, MEP --
13.3.5. Specific consumption of an engine --
13.4. Gasoline engine --
13.4.1. Limits of knocking and octane number --
13.4.2. Strengthening of turbulence --
13.4.3. Formation of fuel mix, fuel injection electronic systems --
13.4.4. Real cycles of gasoline engines --
13.5. Diesel engines --
13.5.1. Compression ignition conditions --
13.5.2. Ignition and combustion delays --
13.5.3. Air utilization factor --
13.5.4. Thermal and mechanical fatigue --
13.5.5. Cooling of walls --
13.5.6. Fuels burnt in diesel engines --
13.5.7. Real cycles of diesel engines --
13.6. Design of reciprocating engines --
13.7. Supercharging --
13.7.1. General --
13.7.2. Basic principles --
13.7.3. Conditions of autonomy of a turbocharger --
13.7.4. Adaptation of the turbocharger --
13.7.5. Conclusions on supercharging --
13.8. Engine and pollutant emission control --
13.8.1. Emissions of pollutants: Mechanisms involved --
13.8.2. Combustion optimization --
13.8.3. Catalytic purification converters --
13.8.4. Case of diesel engines --
13.9. Technological prospects --
13.9.1. Traction engines --
13.9.2. Large gas and diesel engines --
References --
Further reading --
14. Stirling Engines --
14.1. Principle of operation --
14.2. Piston drive --
14.3. Thermodynamic analysis of Stirling engines --
14.3.1. Theoretical cycle --
14.3.2. Ideal Stirling cycle --
14.3.3. Paraisothermal Stirling cycle --
14.4. Influence of the pressure --
14.5. Choice of the working fluid --
14.6. Heat exchangers --
14.6.1. Cooler --
14.6.2. Regenerator --
14.6.3. Boiler --
14.7. Characteristics of a Stirling engine --
14.8. Simplified Stirling engine Thermoptim model --
References --
Further reading --
15. Steam Facilities (General) --
15.1. Introduction --
15.2. Steam enthalpy and exergy --
15.3. General configuration of steam facilities --
15.4. Water deaeration --
15.4.1. Chemical deaeration --
15.4.2. Thermal deaeration --
15.5. Blowdown --
15.6. Boiler and steam generators --
15.6.1. Boilers --
15.6.2. Steam generators --
15.6.3. Boiler operation --
15.6.4. Optimization of pressure level --
15.7. Steam turbines --
15.7.1. Different types of steam turbines --
15.7.2. Behavior in off-design mode --
15.7.3. Degradation of expansion efficiency function of steam quality --
15.7.4. Temperature control by desuperheating --
15.8. Condensers, cooling towers --
15.8.1. Principle of operation of cooling towers --
15.8.2. Phenomenological model --
15.8.3. Behaviour models --
15.8.4. Modeling a direct contact cooling tower in Thermoptim --
References --
Further reading --
16. Classical Steam Power Cycles --
16.1. Conventional flame power cycles --
16.1.1. Basic Hirn or Rankine cycle with superheating --
16.1.2. Energy and exergy balance --
16.1.3. Thermodynamic limits of simple Hirn cycle --
16.1.4. Cycle with reheat --
16.1.5. Cycle with extraction --
16.1.6. Supercritical cycles --
16.1.7. Binary cycles --
16.2. Technology of flame plants --
16.2.1. General technological constraints --
16.2.2. Main coal power plants --
16.2.3. Emissions of pollutants --
16.3. Nuclear power plant cycles --
16.3.1. Primary circuit --
16.3.2. Steam generator --
16.3.3. Secondary circuit --
16.3.4. Industrial PWR evolution --
Reference --
Further reading --
17. Combined Cycle Power Plants --
17.1. Combined cycle without afterburner --
17.1.1. Overall performance --
17.1.2. Reduced efficiency and power --
17.2. Combined cycle with afterburner --
17.3. Combined cycle optimization --
17.4. Gas turbine and combined cycles variations --
17.5. Diesel combined cycle --
17.6. Conclusions and outlook --
References --
Further reading --
18. Cogeneration and Trigeneration --
18.1. Performance indicators --
18.2. Boilers and steam turbines --
18.3. Internal combustion engines --
18.3.1. Reciprocating engines --
18.3.2. Gas turbines --
18.4. Criteria for selection --
18.5. Examples of industrial plants --
18.5.1. Micro-gas turbine cogeneration --
18.5.2. Industrial gas turbine cogeneration --
18.6. Trigeneration --
18.6.1. Production of central heating and cooling for a supermarket --
18.6.2. Trigeneration by micro turbine and absorption cycle --
References --
Further reading --
19. Compression Refrigeration Cycles, Heat Pumps --
19.1. Principles of operation --
19.2. Current issues --
19.2.1. Stopping CFC production --
19.2.2. Substitution of fluids --
19.3. Basic refrigeration cycle --
19.3.1. Principle of operation --
19.3.2. Energy and exergy balances --
19.4. Superheated and sub-cooled cycle --
19.4.1. Single-stage cycle without heat exchanger --
19.4.2. Single-stage cycle with exchanger --
19.5. Two-stage cycles --
19.5.1. Two-stage compression cycle with intermediate cooling --
19.5.2. Compression and expansion multistage cycles --
19.6. Special cycles --
19.6.1. Cascade cycles --
19.6.2. Cycles using blends --
19.6.3. Cycles using ejectors --
19.6.4. Reverse Brayton cycles --
19.7. Heat pumps --
19.7.1. Basic cycle --
19.7.2. Exergy balance --
19.8. Technological aspects --
19.8.1. Desirable properties for fluids --
19.8.2. Refrigeration compressors --
19.8.3. Expansion valves --
19.8.4. Heat exchangers --
19.8.5. Auxiliary devices --
19.8.6. Variable speed --
References --
Further reading --
20. Liquid Absorption Refrigeration Cycles --
20.1. Introduction --
20.2. Study of a NH3-H2O absorption cycle --
20.3. Modeling LiBr-H2O absorption cycle in Thermoptim --
References --
21. Air Conditioning --
21.1. Basics of an air conditioning system --
21.2. Examples of cycles --
21.2.1. Summer air conditioning --
21.2.2. Winter air conditioning --
References --
Further reading --
22. Optimization by Systems Integration --
22.1. Basic principles --
22.1.1. Pinch point --
22.1.2. Integration of complex heat system --
22.2. Design of exchanger networks --
22.3. Minimizing the pinch --
22.3.1. Implementation of the algorithm --
22.3.2. Establishment of actual composite curves --
22.3.3. Plot of the Carnot factor difference curve (CFDC) --
22.3.4. Matching exchange streams --
22.3.5. Thermal machines and heat integration --
22.4. Optimization by irreversibility analysis --
22.4.1. Component irreversibility and systemic irreversibility --
22.4.2. Optimization method --
22.5. Implementation in Thermoptim --
22.5.1. Principle --
22.5.2. Optimization frame --
22.6. Example --
22.6.1. Determination of HP and LP flow rates --
22.6.2. Matching fluids in heat exchangers --
References --
Further reading Note continued: 4. Innovative Advanced Cycles, including Low Environmental Impact --
23. External Class Development --
23.1. General, external substances --
23.1.1. Introducing custom components --
23.1.2. Simple substance: example of DowTherm A --
23.1.3. Coupling to a thermodynamic properties server --
23.2. Flat plate solar collectors --
23.2.1. Design of the external component --
23.3. Calculation of moist mixtures in external classes --
23.3.1. Introduction --
23.3.2. Methods available in the external classes --
23.4. External combustion --
23.4.1. Model of biomass combustion --
23.4.2. Presentation of the external class --
23.5. Cooling coil with condensation --
23.5.1. Modeling a cooling coil with condensation in Thermoptim --
23.5.2. Study of the external class DehumidifyingCoil --
23.6. Cooling towers --
23.6.1. Modeling of a direct contact cooling tower in Thermoptim --
23.6.2. Study of external class DirectCoolingTower --
23.7. External drivers --
23.7.1. Stirling engine driver --
23.7.2. Creation of the class: visual interface --
23.7.3. Recognition of component names --
23.7.4. Calculations and display --
23.8. External class manager --
24. Advanced Gas Turbines Cycles --
24.1. Humid air gas turbine --
24.2. Supercritical CO2 cycles --
24.2.1. Simple regeneration cycle --
24.2.2. Pre-compression cycle --
24.2.3. Recompression cycle --
24.2.4. Partial cooling cycle --
24.3. Advanced combined cycles --
24.3.1. Air combined cycle --
24.3.2. Steam flash combined cycle --
24.3.3. Steam recompression combined cycle --
24.3.4. Kalina cycle --
References --
25. Evaporation, Mechanical Vapor Compression, Desalination, Drying by Hot Gas --
25.1. Evaporation --
25.1.1. Single-effect cycle --
25.1.2. Multi-effect cycle --
25.1.3. Boiling point elevation --
25.2. Mechanical vapor compression --
25.2.1. Evaporative mechanical vapor compression cycle --
25.2.2. Types of compressors used --
25.2.3. Design parameters of a VC --
25.3. Desalination --
25.3.1. Simple effect distillation --
25.3.2. Double effect desalination cycle --
25.3.3. Mechanical vapor compression desalination cycle --
25.3.4. Desalination ejector cycle --
25.3.5. Multi-stage flash desalination cycle --
25.3.6. Reverse osmosis desalination --
25.4. Drying by hot gas --
References --
26. Cryogenic Cycles --
26.1. Joule-Thomson isenthalpic expansion process --
26.1.1. Basic cycle --
26.1.2. Linde cycle --
26.1.3. Linde cycles for nitrogen liquefaction --
26.2. Reverse Brayton cycle --
26.3. Mixed processes: Claude cycle --
26.4. Cascade cycles --
References --
27. Electrochemical Converters --
27.1. Fuel cells --
27.1.1. SOFC modeling --
27.1.2. Improving the cell model --
27.1.3. Model with a thermocoupler --
27.1.4. Coupling SOFC fuel cell with a gas turbine --
27.1.5. Change in the model to replace H2 by CH4 --
27.2. Reforming --
27.2.1. Modeling of a reformer in Thermoptim --
27.2.2. Results --
27.3. Electrolysers --
27.3.1. Modeling of a high temperature electrolyser in Thermoptim --
27.3.2. Results --
References --
28. Global Warming and Capture and Sequestration of CO2 --
28.1. Problem data --
28.2. Carbon capture and storage --
28.2.1. Introduction --
28.2.2. Capture strategies --
28.3. Techniques implemented --
28.3.1. Post-combustion techniques --
28.3.2. Pre-combustion techniques --
28.3.3. Oxycombustion techniques --
References --
29. Future Nuclear Reactors --
29.1. Introduction --
29.2. Reactors coupled to Hirn cycles --
29.2.1. Sodium cooled fast neutron reactors --
29.2.2. Supercritical water reactors --
29.3. Reactors coupled to Brayton cycles --
29.3.1. Small capacity modular reactor PBMR --
29.3.2. GT-MHR reactors --
29.3.3. Very high temperature reactors --
29.3.4. Gas cooled fast neutron reactors --
29.3.5. Lead cooled fast reactors --
29.3.6. Molten salt reactors --
29.3.7. Thermodynamic cycles of high temperature reactors --
29.4. Summary --
References --
30. Solar Thermodynamic Cycles --
30.1. Direct conversion of solar energy --
30.1.1. Introduction --
30.1.2. Thermal conversion of solar energy --
30.1.2. Thermodynamic cycles considered --
30.2. Performance of solar collectors --
30.2.1. Low temperature solar collectors --
30.2.2. Low temperature flat plate solar collector model --
30.2.3. High temperature solar collectors --
30.2.4. Modeling high temperature concentration collectors --
30.3. Parabolic trough plants --
30.3.1. Optimization of the collector temperature --
30.3.2. Plant model --
30.4. Parabolic dish systems --
30.5. Power towers --
30.6. Hybrid systems --
References --
31. Other than Solar NRE cycles --
31.1. Solar ponds --
31.1.1. Analysis of the problem --
31.1.2. Plot of the cycle in the entropy chart --
31.1.3. Exergy balance --
31.1.4. Auxiliary consumption --
31.2. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) --
31.2.1. OTEC closed cycle --
31.2.2. OTEC open cycle --
31.2.3. Uehara cycle --
31.3. Geothermal cycles --
31.3.1. Direct-steam-plants --
31.3.2. Simple flash plant --
31.3.3. Double flash plant --
31.3.4. Binary cycle plants --
31.3.5. Kalina cycle --
31.3.6. Combined cycles --
31.3.7. Mixed cycle --
31.4. Use of biomass energy --
31.4.1. Introduction --
31.4.2. Modeling thermochemical conversion --
References --
32. Heat and Compressed Air Storage --
32.1. Introduction --
32.2. Methodological aspects --
32.3. Cold storage in phase change nodules --
32.4. Project Sether (electricity storage as high temperature heat) --
32.5. Compressed air storage devices --
32.5.1. CAES (Compressed Air Energy Storage) concept --
32.5.2. Peaker concept of Electricite de Marseille Company --
32.5.3. Hydropneumatic energy storage HPES --
References --
33. Calculation of Thermodynamic Solar Installations --
33.1. Specific solar problems --
33.2. Estimation of the solar radiation received by a solar collector --
33.3. Cumulative frequency curves of irradiation --
33.3.1. Curve construction --
33.3.2. Curve smoothing --
33.3.3. Estimation of CFCS from empirical formulas --
33.3.4. Interpolation on tilt --
33.4. Hourly simulation models --
33.5. Simplified design methods --
33.5.1. Principle of methods --
33.5.2. Usability curves --
References --
5. Technological Design and Off-design Operation --
34. Technological Design and Off-design Operation, Model Reduction --
34.1. Introduction --
34.2. Component technological design --
34.2.1. Heat exchangers --
34.2.2. Displacement compressors --
34.2.3. Expansion valves --
34.2.4. Practical example: design of a cycle --
34.3. Off-design calculations --
34.3.1. Principle of computing coupled systems in Thermoptim --
34.3.2. Off-design equations of the refrigerator --
34.3.3. After processing of simulation results --
34.3.4. Effect of change in UA --
34.4. Development of simplified models of systems studied --
34.4.1. Model reduction principle --
34.4.2. Model reduction example --
34.5. Methodological difficulties --
References --
35. Technological Design and Off-design Behavior of Heat Exchangers --
35.1. Introduction --
35.1.1. General --
35.1.2. Reminders on the NTU method --
35.2. Modeling of heat transfer --
35.2.1. Extended surfaces --
35.2.2. Calculation of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers --
35.2.3. Calculation of the Nusselt number --
35.2.4. Calculation of multi-zone exchangers --
35.3. Pressure drop calculation --
35.3.1. Gas or liquid state pressure drop --
35.3.2. Two-phase pressure drop --
35.4. Heat exchanger technological screen --
35.4.1. Heat exchanger technological screen --
35.4.2. Correlations used in Thermoptim --
35.5. Model parameter estimation --
35.5.1. Direct setting from geometric data --
35.5.2. Identification of exchanger parameters --
References --
36. Modeling and Setting of Displacement Compressors --
36.1. Behavior models --
36.1.1. Operation at rated speed and full load --
36.1.2. Operation at partial load and speed --
36.2. Practical modeling problems --
36.2.1. Technological screen of displacement compressors --
36.2.3. Identification of compressor parameters --
36.2.4. Calculation in design mode --
36.2.5. Calculation in off-design mode --
36.2.6. Fixed Vi screw compressors --
References --
37. Modeling and Setting of Dynamic Compressors and Turbines --
37.1. Supplements on turbomachinery --
37.1.1. Analysis of the velocity triangle --
37.1.2. Degree of reaction of one stage --
37.1.3. Theoretical characteristics of turbomachinery --
37.1.4. Real characteristics of turbomachinery --
37.1.5. Factors of similarity --
37.2. Pumps and fans --
37.3. Dynamic compressors --
37.3.1. Performance maps of dynamic compressors --
37.3.2. Analysis of performance maps of dynamic compressors --
37.3.3. Technological screen of dynamic compressors --
37.4. Turbines --
37.4.1. Performance maps of turbines --
37.4.2. Isentropic efficiency law --
37.4.3. Stodola's cone rule --
37.4.4. Baumann rule --
37.4.5. Loss by residual velocity --
37.4.6. Technological screen of turbines --
37.4.8. Identification of turbine parameters --
37.5. Nozzles --
References --
38. Case Studies --
38.1. Introduction --
38.2. Compressor filling a storage of compressed air --
38.2.1. Modeling of the heat exchanger --
38.2.2. Design of the driver --
38.2.3. Analysis of the cooled compressor Note continued: 38.2.4. Use of the model to simulate the filling of a compressed air storage --
38.3. Steam power plant --
38.3.1. Introduction, results --
38.4. Refrigeration machine --
38.4.1. Introduction, results --
38.4.2. Principle of resolution --
38.5. Single flow turbojet --
38.5.1. Introduction, results --
38.5.2. Presentation of the external class.