Geriatric Diseases: Evaluation and Management

Preface
Acknowledgements
Disclaimer
Contents
About the Authors
Part I: Cardiovascular Diseases in the Elderly
	1 Heart Failure
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Management
		Prevention Measures
		Treatment
			Systolic Heart Failure
		Drugs Used in Heart Failure
			Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
			Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
			Beta-Blockers
			Aldosterone Antagonists
			Ivabradine
			Ionotropic Agents
			Vasodilators
			Fluid and Electrolyte Abnormalities in Heart Failure
			Non-pharmacological Therapies
		Impact of Heart Failure
			MCQ Answers
		References
	2 Cardiac Arrhythmias
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
			Bradyarrhythmias
				Sick Sinus Syndrome
				Atrioventricular Block
			Tachyarrhythmias
		Treatment and Management of Cardiac Arrhythmias
			Pharmacological
				Non-pharmacological
		Atrial Fibrillation
			Risk Factors and Causes
		Management
		Impact of Arrhythmias on Quality of Life
			MCQ Answers
		References
	3 Infective Endocarditis
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
			Complications
			Diagnosis
		Management and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
			SAQ Answers
		References
	4 Coronary Artery Disease
		Introduction
		Risk Factors
		Clinical Manifestations
			Management
		Prevention
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
			SAQ Answers
		References
	5 Valvular Heart Disease in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Aortic Stenosis
			Symptoms and Signs
		Aortic Regurgitation
			Symptoms and Signs
		Mitral Regurgitation
			Symptoms and Signs and Management
		Mitral Stenosis
			Symptoms and Signs
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
			EMQ Answers
		References
	6 Hypertension in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Clinical Evaluation
		Management of Hypertension
			Lifestyle Changes
			Drug Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	7 Peripheral Arterial Disease
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis
			Physical Examination
		Management
		Prognosis
			Acute Leg Ischaemia
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
Part II: Respiratory Diseases in the Elderly
	8 Pneumonia in Geriatric Patients
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Radiological Findings
		Management
			Preventive Measures
				Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	9 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
		Introduction
		Physical Signs
		Diagnosis
		Management of Stable COPD
			Cessation of Smoking
				Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT)
			Pharmacological Interventions
				Bronchodilators
			Non-pharmacological Interventions
				Oxygen Therapy
				Long-Term Oxygen Therapy
				Pulmonary Rehabilitation
			Management of Acute Exacerbations
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	10 Asthma in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Symptomatology
		Diagnosis
		Management
			Beta-Agonists
			Antimuscarinics
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	11 Lung Cancer in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Symptomatology
		Diagnosis
		Management
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
			SAQ Answers
		References
	12 Pulmonary Embolism
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Evaluation
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	13 Sleep Disorders
		Introduction
		Evaluation and Management
			Hypersomnias-Narcolepsy
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
Part III: Disorders of the Digestive Tract in the Elderly
	14 The Oesophagus and Oesophageal Disorders
		Introduction
		Oesophageal Disorders
			Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
				Neuromuscular Disorders
				Insidious Onset
			Obstructive Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
			Laryngopharyngeal Reflux(LPR)
				Symptomatology
			Oesophageal Dysphagia
				Primary Motility Disorders
		Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD)
		Symptomatology
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Secondary Motility Disorders
			Obstructive (Mechanical)
			Diverticula of the Oesophagus
			Differential Diagnosis of Dysphagia
		Evaluation of Dysphagia
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
			SAQ Answers
		References
	15 Peptic Ulcer Disease in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Investigations
		Treatment Plan
			H. pylori Positive
			Impact
				MCQ Answers
		References
	16 Colorectal Cancer
		Introduction
		Symptoms and Signs
		Risk Factors and Risk Stratification
		Differential Diagnosis and Diagnosis
			Faecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
			SAQ Answers
		References
	17 Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Differential Diagnosis and Diagnosis
		Management and Prognosis
			Surgery
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	18 Gastrointestinal Bleeding in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB)
		Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding (LGIB)
		Evaluation of a Patient with Gastrointestinal Bleeding
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	19 Acute Abdominal Pain in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Causes
			Appendicitis
			Cholecystitis
			Peptic Ulcer Disease
			Diverticulitis
			Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
			Acute Mesenteric Ischaemia
			Bowel Obstruction
			Acute Pancreatitis
			Clinical Considerations
			Evaluation of a Patient with Acute Abdominal Pain
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
			SAQ Answers
		References
	20 Infectious Diarrhoeas in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Clinical Characteristics
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
Part IV: Liver Diseases in the Elderly
	21 Viral Hepatitis in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Hepatitis A (HAV)
			Symptomatology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Prevention
		Hepatitis B (HBV)
			Symptomatology
				Acute Hepatitis B
				Chronic Hepatitis B
			Diagnosis
			Diagnostic Tests
			Management and Treatment
		Hepatitis C (HCV)
			Symptomatology
			Diagnosis
			Management
		Hepatitis D (HDV)
			Symptomatology
			Diagnosis
			Management
				Prevention
		Hepatitis E (HEV)
			Symptomatology
			Diagnosis
			Management
		Hepatitis G (HGV)
			Symptomatology
			Prognosis
			Management
				Prevention
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	22 Chronic Liver Disease
		Introduction
		Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD)
			Symptomatology
			Diagnosis
			Prognosis and Treatment
		Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
			Symptomatology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH)
			Symptomatology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI)
			Symptomatology
			Diagnosis
		Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC)
			Symptomatology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Hereditary Haemochromatosis
			Clinical Manifestations
			Diagnosis
			Screening
			Prognosis
			Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	23 Hepatocellular Carcinoma
		Introduction
			Clinical Expression
			Diagnosis
			Management
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	24 Ascites in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Symptomatology
		Diagnosis
		Prognosis and Treatment
		Impact
		References
Part V: Blood Disorders in the Elderly
	25 The Anaemias
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
			Iron Deficiency Anaemia
			Treatment
		Anaemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)
			Treatment
		Vitamin B12 Deficiency
			Diagnosis
			Screening
			Treatment
		Folic Acid Deficiency
			Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	26 Myelodysplastic Syndromes
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Prognosis
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	27 Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
		Introduction
		Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
			Clinical Manifestations
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Polycythaemia Vera
			Clinical Manifestations
			Differential Diagnosis and Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Symptomatic Treatment
				Prognosis
		Essential Thrombocythaemia
			Clinical Manifestations
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Myelofibrosis and Myeloid Metaplasia
			Clinical Manifestations
			Diagnosis
			Prognosis
			Treatment
				MCQ Answers
		References
	28 Immunoproliferative Disorders
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Prognosis
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
			SAQ Answers
		References
	29 Lymphoproliferative Disorders
		Chronic Lymphatic Leukaemia
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations
			Diagnosis
			Prognosis
			Treatment
		Non-Hodgkin´s Lymphoma
			Symptomatology
			Management
		Hodgkin´s Lymphoma (HL)
			Symptomatology
			Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
			Management
		Impact of Haematological Malignancies
			MCQ Answers
		References
Part VI: Renal and Lower Urinary Tract Disorders in the Elderly
	30 Glomerular Disease in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
			Nephritic Syndrome
			Nephrotic Syndrome
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	31 Renovascular Disease in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Clinical Presentation
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
			Medical
			Surgical
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	32 Acute Kidney Injury
		Introduction
		Symptoms
		Diagnosis
		Clinical Course and Prognosis
		Management
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
			EMQ Answers
		References
	33 Chronic Kidney Disease in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease
		Clinical Manifestations and Complications
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	34 Prostate Gland and Related Disorders
		Introduction
		Benign Prostate Hypertrophy (BPH)
			Symptomatology
			Diagnosis
			Management
				Watchful Waiting
				Medical Management
				Surgical Management
		Acute and Chronic Prostatitis
			Introduction
				Symptomatology
				Treatment
		Prostatic Abscess
			Introduction
			Symptomatology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Carcinoma of the Prostate
			Introduction
			Clinical Expression
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	35 Male Sexual Dysfunction: Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
		Introduction
			Evaluation
			Management
			Medications
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
Part VII: Neurological Disorders in the Elderly
	36 Parkinson´s Disease
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Differential Diagnosis
		Management of Parkinson´s Disease
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
			EMQ Answers
		References
	37 Multisystem Atrophy (MSA)
		Introduction
		Symptomatology
		Management
			Impact
				MCQ Answers
		References
	38 Motor Neurone Disease
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Management
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	39 Multiple Sclerosis
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
			Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQs Answers
		References
	40 Peripheral Neuropathy
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
			Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) or Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculopathy (AIDP)
			Symptomatology
			Differential Diagnosis
				Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculopathy (CIDP)
			Evaluation
			Impact
				MCQ Answers
		References
	41 Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission
		Introduction
		Clinical Symptomatology
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Eaton-Lambert Syndrome
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Impact
				MCQ Answers
				EMQ Answers
		References
	42 Epilepsy
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Evaluation of an Elderly with Seizures
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
Part VIII: Metabolic Bone Disorders in the Elderly
	43 Osteoporosis
		Introduction
		Symptoms and Signs
		Diagnosis
		Management
			Prevention
		Treatment
			Bisphosphonates
			Oestrogen Receptor Modulators
			Oestrogens
				Others
			Strontium Ranelate
			Teriparatide (Forteo)
			Denosumab
			Novel Agents
				Osteoporosis in Men
				Corticosteroid-Induced Osteoporosis (CIOP)
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
			EMQ Answers
		References
	44 Osteomalacia
		Introduction
		Symptoms and Signs
		Radiological Findings
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	45 Paget´s Disease
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Laboratory Findings
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
			Drug Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	46 Osteoporotic Fracture and Management
		Hip Fractures
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations
		Vertebral Fractures
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations
			Treatment
		Sacral Insufficiency Fractures
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Impact
				MCQ Answers
		References
Part IX: Endocrine Disorders in the Elderly
	47 Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Clinical Presentation
		Management of Diabetes in the Elderly
			Nutrition, Physical Activity and Education
			Pharmacological Treatment
				Mechanism of Action, Use, Contraindications and Adverse Effects
		Management and Treatment of Complications of Diabetes
			Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
				Management of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State
		Chronic Complications of Diabetes
			Macrovascular
			Microvascular
			Diabetic Nephropathy
				Management of Nephropathy
			Diabetic Neuropathy
				Clinical Manifestations
			Peripheral (Symmetrical Distal Sensori-motor) Neuropathy
			Autonomic Neuropathy
			Proximal Neuropathy
			Focal Neuropathy
				Management of Neuropathy
			Diabetic Retinopathy
				Management and Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	48 Thyroid Disease in the Older Patient
		Introduction
		Hypothyroidism
			Clinical Manifestations
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Subclinical Hypothyroidism
		Hyperthyroidism
			Clinical Manifestations
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Subclinical Hyperthyroidism
		Cancer of Thyroid
			Introduction
			Symptomatology
			Diagnosis
		Thyroid Nodule
			Diagnosis
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	49 Hyperparathyroidism
		Primary Hyperparathyroidism
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Hypoparathyroidism
			Symptomatology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
			EMQ Answers
		References
Part X: Electrolyte Disturbances and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism in the Elderly
	50 Disorders of Sodium
		Hyponatraemia
			Introduction
			Symptomatology
		Differential Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Hypernatraemia
			Introduction
		Symptomatology
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	51 Disorders of Potassium
		Hypokalaemia
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations
			Treatment
		Hyperkalaemia
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations
			Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	52 Disorders of Calcium Metabolism
		Hypercalcaemia
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations
			Evaluation
			Management
		Hypocalcaemia
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations
			Evaluation
			Management
				Acute Hypocalcaemia
				Chronic Hypocalcaemia
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
			EMQ Answers
		References
Part XI: Disorders of the Musculo-skeletal System in the Elderly
	53 The Spine
		Introduction
		Neck Pain
			Cervical Spondylosis
				Clinical Manifestations
				Imaging Studies
				Treatment
		Low Back Pain (Lumbosacral)
			Clinical Manifestations
		The Spine
		Diagnosis
			History
			Examination
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	54 Large Joints
		Shoulder
			Introduction
			Causes
			Evaluation
		Hip
			Introduction
			Causes of Hip Pain
			Evaluation
		Knee
			Introduction
			Evaluation
			Impact
				MCQ Answers
		References
Part XII: Arthritides in the Elderly
	55 Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Laboratory Findings
		Diagnosis
		Management
			Pharmacological
				Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
				Glucocorticoids
				Disease-Modifying Anti-rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)
			Biological DMARDs (bDMARDs)
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
			SAQ Answers
		References
	56: Polymyalgia Rheumatica
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	57 Psoriatic Arthropathy
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
			SAQ Answers
		References
	58: Spondyloarthritis
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	59: Osteoarthritis
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Nodal and Generalized Osteoarthritis
		Diagnosis
		Management
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	60 Crystal-Induced Arthritis
		Gout
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Impact
		Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate (CPPD) Crystal Deposition Disease: ``Pseudo-gout´´
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations
			Treatment
				MCQ Answers
				SAQ Answers
		References
Part XIII: Vasculitis in the Elderly
	61 Vasculitis in Geriatric Patients
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
			Subclinical Entities
		Diagnosis and Evaluation of Vasculitis in the Elderly
		Treatment
			Management of Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA)in Older Patients
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
Part XIV: Connective Tissue Disorders in the Elderly
	62 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	63 Systemic Sclerosis (SSc)
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	64 Sjogren´s Syndrome
		Introduction
		Clinical Profile
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	65 Overlap Syndromes and Inflammatory Myopathies
		Introduction
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
Part XV: Organic Disorders of the Brain
	66 Acute Delirium in the Elderly: Diagnosis and Management
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Evaluation of Acute Delirium
		Management
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	67 The Dementias
		Introduction
		Differential Diagnosis
		Diagnosis
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	68 Neurodegenerative Disorders
		Introduction
			Alzheimer´s Disease (Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Alzheimer´s Disease)
				Clinical Manifestations
			Hippocampal Sclerosis of Aging
			Fronto-temporal Dementia and Other Focal Atrophies
		Frontotemporal Dementia (Major or Mild Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder)
			Clinical Manifestations
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Corticobasal Syndrome (CBD)
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations
		Posterior Cortical Atrophy
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations
		Dementia with Lewy Bodies (LBD)
			Introduction
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Parkinsonism and Dementia
		Vascular Cognitive Impairment (Major or Mild Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder)
			Introduction
		Mixed VaD and AD
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Symptomatic Dementias
			Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
				Introduction
				Clinical Manifestations
		AIDS Dementia Complex
		Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH)
		Spirochaetal Infection
		Traumatic Brain Injury
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
			EMQ Answers
		References
			Neurodegenerative Dementias
			Alzheimer´s Disease
			Hippocampal Sclerosis with Aging
			Fronto-temporal Dementia
			Cortico-basal Degeneration
			Posterior Cortical Atrophy
			Lewy Body Dementia
			Parkinson´s Disease and Dementia
			Vacular Cognitive Impairment
			CJD
			AIDs Dementia Complex
			Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
			Traumatic Brain Injury
	69 Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BSPD) and Management
		Introduction
		Classification
		Clinical Manifestations
		Management
			Non-pharmacological
			Pharmacological
			Cholinesterase Inhibitors
			Anticonvulsants
			Antipsychotics
			Antidepressants
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	70 Drug Management of the Dementias
		Introduction
		Drug Category
			Cholinesterase Inhibitors
				NMDA Antagonist
					MCQ Answers
		References
	71 Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
		Differential Diagnosis
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
Part XVI: Psychiatry of Older Adults
	72 Mood Disorders (Major Depression, Bipolar Disorder)
		Introduction
		Clinical Presentations
		Screening
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
			Medical Therapy
				Antidepressants
		Dysthymic Disorder in Older Adults
		Mania in Old Age
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
				Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	73 Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders in Later Life
		Introduction
		Clinical Presentations
			Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
			Panic Disorder
			Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
			Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
			Phobias
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	74 Late-Life Psychosis
		Introduction
		Late-Life Delusional (Paranoid) Disorders
		Overview of Clinical Presentations
		Late-Onset Schizophrenia
			Treatment
		Paranoid Symptoms Secondary to Other Disorders
			Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	75 Suicide in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Assessment of Suicidal Risk and Management After Suicidal Attempt
		Strategies for Suicide Prevention in the Elderly
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
			SAQ Answers
		References
	76 Substance Abuse in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Alcohol Withdrawal Syndromes
		Treatment of Withdrawal Syndrome and Delirium Tremens
		Long-Term Treatment
		Complications
			Problem of Detection and Identification
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
Part XVII: Cerebrovascular Diseases in the Elderly
	77 Stroke in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
			Cerebral Infarction
			Lacunar Infarction
			Territorial Infarction
		Anterior Circulation
			Infarction in the Territory of the Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)
				Territorial Infarction: Cortical
					Clinical Features
				Territorial Infarction: Subcortical
			Infarction in the Territory of the Middle Cerebral Artery
				Territorial Infarction: Cortical
				Middle Cerebral Artery: Subcortical
			Watershed Infarctions
		Posterior Circulation
			Territorial Infarction: Cortical
				Infarction in the Territory of the Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)
				Posterior Cerebral Artery: Subcortical
		Basilar and Vertebral Arteries: Brainstem Strokes
			Basilar
			Vertebral
		Cerebral Haemorrhage
			Primary Intracerebral Haemorrhage (PICH)
			Lobar Intracerebral Haemorrhage
			Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (SAH)
			Special Types of Intracerebral Haemorrhage
		Diagnosis and Management of Stroke in the Elderly
			Neuroimaging in Stroke
			Early Intervention
			Acute Ischaemic Stroke (AIS)
				Specific
					Thrombolytic Therapy
					Malignant Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction
				General Measures
				Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH)
				Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
					Identification of Complications
					Rehabilitation
					Spasticity, Spasms and Spastic Dystonia
					Post-stroke Depression (PSD), Emotionalism and Anxiety
					Post-stroke Fatigue
					Prevention of Recurrent Stroke
		Impact of Stroke
			MCQ Answers
		References
	78 Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)
		Introduction
		Symptomatology
		Differential Diagnosis
		Diagnosis and Evaluation of a Patient with Suspected TIA
		Risk Stratification
		Management
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	79 Primary and Secondary Prevention of Stroke
		Introduction
		Primary Prevention of Stroke
			Hypertension
			Heart Failure (HF) and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
			Atrial Fibrillation
			Diabetes Mellitus
			Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis
			Dyslipidaemia
			Lifestyle Factors
		Secondary Prevention of Stroke
			Hypertension
			Atrial Fibrillation (AF)
			Diabetes
			Transient Ischaemic Attack
				MCQ Answers
		References
	80 Carotid Artery Disease in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Evaluation
		Management
			Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA)
			Percutaneous Transluminal Carotid Angioplasty and Carotid Stents
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
Part XVIII: Hearing Loss and Related Problems in the Elderly
	81 Common Ear Problems in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Presbycusis
		Diagnosis
		Noise-Induced Sensorineural Hearing Loss (NIHL)
		Evaluating Hearing Loss
		Management
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	82 Vertigo/Dizziness in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Causes of Vertigo
			Benign Positional Paroxysmal Vertigo (BPPV)
			Vestibular Neuronitis
			Meniere´s Disease
			Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency
			Acoustic Neuroma
			Multiple Sclerosis
			Migraine-Associated Vertigo
		Evaluation
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	83 Tinnitus
		Introduction
		Causes of Tinnitus
		Evaluation of Tinnitus
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
Part XIX: Visual Problems in the Elderly
	84 Loss/Low Vision
		Age-Related Macular Degeneration
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations
			Investigations
			Treatment
		Glaucoma
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Cataract
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations
			Treatment
		Diabetic Retinopathy
			Introduction
			Clinical Manifestations
			Treatment
			Impact of Low Vision in the Elderly
				MCQ Answers
		References
	85 Blurred Vision
		Introduction
			Unilateral sudden and painful
			Unilateral sudden without pain
		Evaluation of Impaired Vision in the Elderly
		Impact
			EMQ Answers
		References
	86 Dry Eye
		Introduction
		Causes
		Symptoms
		Treatment
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
Part XX: Skin Disorders in the Elderly
	87 Common Skin Disorders in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
			Benign Conditions
				Premalignant Conditions
			Malignant Skin Disorders
				Diagnosis
				Diagnosis Is by Skin Biopsy
				Prognosis
				Treatment
			Autoimmune Skin Disorders
				Psoriasis
			Viral Infections
			Fungal Infections
			Parasitic Infestations of the Skin
				Scabies
					Treatment
				Pediculosis
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	88 Pruritus in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Classification
		Causes of Pruritus in the Elderly
			Treatment
		Impact
		References
	89 Chronic Leg and Foot Ulcers in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
			Ischaemic Ulcers
			Venous Ulcers
			Neuropathic Ulcers
			Pressure Ulcers
		Evaluation
		Management
			Preventive Measures
			Venous Ulcers
			Neuropathic Ulcers
			Arterial Ulcers
			Pressure Ulcers
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
Part XXI: Oral and Oral-Related Disorders in the Elderly
	90 Oral Issues in the Elderly
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
			Caries
				Prevention
			Periodontal Disease
				Management
					Prevention
				Treatment
			Tooth Wear
				Prevention
			Oral Cancer
			Edentulism
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	91 Oral-Related Disorders
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
			Bruxism
				Management
			Temporomandibular Joint
				TMJ Dysfunction
				Diagnosis
				Management
			Myofascial Pain
			Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ)
		Impact
			MCQ Answers
		References
	92 Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease
		Introduction
		Clinical Manifestations
			Connective Tissue Disorders
			Nutritional
			Haematological
			Gastrointestinal
			Endocrine
			Drugs
		Impact
			EMQ Answers
		References
Index