Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling

Title......Page 2
Preface......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Introduction......Page 12
1-1 Plan for the Book......Page 13
1-2 Key Concepts......Page 15
1-3 Motivation for Reservoir Models......Page 19
1-4 Data for Reservoir Modeling......Page 21
1-5 An Introductory Example......Page 23
1-6 Work Flow......Page 30
Preliminary Statistical Concepts......Page 40
2-1 Geological Populations and Stationarity......Page 41
2-2 Notation and Definitions......Page 42
2-3 Bivariate Distributions......Page 50
2-4 Q-Q Plots and Data Transformation......Page 53
2-5 Declustering......Page 59
2-6 Histogram and Cross Plot Smoothing......Page 73
2-7 Monte Carlo Methods and the Bootstrap......Page 74
2-8 Work Flow......Page 79
Gridding Reservoir Layers......Page 88
3-1 Gridding for Geologic Modeling......Page 89
3-2 Stratigraphic Correlation / Coordinates......Page 94
3-3 Faults......Page 102
3-5 Work Flow......Page 105
Quantifying Spatial Correlation......Page 110
4-1 The Random Function Concept......Page 111
4-2 Calculating Experimental Variograms......Page 114
4-3 Interpreting Experimental Variograms......Page 123
4-4 Horizontal Variograms......Page 133
4-5 Variogram Modeling......Page 140
4-6 Cross Variograms......Page 148
4-7 Work Flow......Page 157
Preliminary Mapping Concepts......Page 162
5-1 Kriging......Page 163
5-2 Sequential Gaussian Simulation......Page 171
5-3 Direct Sequential Simulation......Page 176
5-4 Indicator Formalism......Page 177
5-5 P-Field Methods......Page 184
5-6 Accounting for Trends......Page 187
5-7 Work Flow......Page 196
6-1 Choosing the Appropriate Method......Page 202
6-2 Sequential Indicator Simulation......Page 205
6-3 Truncated Gaussian Simulation......Page 213
6-4 Cleaning Cell-Based Facies Realizations......Page 219
6-5 Work Flow......Page 225
7-1 Background......Page 232
7-2 Stochastic Shales......Page 238
7-3 Fluvial Modeling......Page 239
7-4 Non-Fluvial Depositional Systems......Page 247
7-5 Work Flow......Page 250
Porosity and Permeability Modeling......Page 254
8-1 Background......Page 255
8-2 Gaussian Techniques for Porosity......Page 258
8-3 Porosity / Permeability Transforms......Page 263
8-4 Gaussian Techniques for Permeability......Page 269
8-5 Indicator Techniques for Permeability......Page 271
8-6  Work Flow......Page 277
9-1 Background......Page 284
9-2 Steps in Annealing......Page 286
9-3 Problems Areas......Page 300
9-4 Place of Simulated Annealing / Work Flow......Page 302
Uncertainty Management......Page 304
10-1 Models of Uncertainty......Page 305
10-2 Cross Validation and the jackknife......Page 307
10-3 Checking Distributions of Uncertainty......Page 308
10-4 How Many Realizations ?......Page 318
10-5 Ranking Realizations......Page 322
10-6 Decision Making With Uncertainty......Page 325
10-7 Work Flow......Page 329
Special Topics......Page 334
11-1 Scale Up from Core to Modeling Cell......Page 335
11-2 Surface-Based Modeling......Page 337
11-3 Multiple Point Statistics......Page 339
11-4 Dynamic Data......Page 340
11-5 Input to Flow Simulation......Page 341
11-6 Final Thoughts......Page 343
A-1 Glossary......Page 346
A-2 Notation......Page 356
Bibliography......Page 360
Index......Page 381