Geological hazards : their assessment, avoidance, and mitigation

Geological Hazards: Their assessment, avoidance and mitigation......Page 1
Contents......Page 3
1.1 Introduction......Page 7
Contents......Page 0
1.2 Risk assessment......Page 11
1.3 Remote sensing, aerial photographs and hazards......Page 13
1.4 Hazard maps......Page 15
1.5 Land-use planning and hazards......Page 18
References......Page 20
2.1 Introduction......Page 22
2.2 Volcanic form and structure......Page 24
2.3 Types of central eruption......Page 31
2.4 Volcanic products: volatiles......Page 34
2.5 Volcanic products: pyroclasts......Page 35
2.6 Volcanic products: lava flows......Page 38
2.7 Mudflows or Iahars......Page 43
2.8 Volcanic hazard and prediction......Page 44
2.8.1 Methods of prediction......Page 45
2.8.2 Assessmet of volcanic hazard and risk......Page 49
2.8.3 Dealing with volcanic activity......Page 59
References......Page 62
3.1 Introduction......Page 65
3.2 Intensity and magnitude of earthquakes......Page 68
3.3 Effects of earthquakes......Page 76
3.4 Ground conditions and seismicity......Page 78
3.5.1 Earthquake prediction......Page 82
3.5.2 Assessment of movement along faults......Page 87
3.5.3 Aseismic investigation......Page 88
3.5.4 Accelerographs......Page 90
3.6 Seismic hazard and risk......Page 91
3.7 Seismic zoning......Page 93
3.8.2 Dynamic behaviour of structures......Page 100
3.8.3 Earthquake spectra and the design earthquake......Page 101
3.9 Structural damage and its prevention......Page 103
3.10 Earthquakes and dams......Page 109
3.11 Induced seismicity......Page 111
References......Page 116
4.1 Soil creep and valley bulging......Page 120
4.2 Causes of landslides......Page 122
4.3 Classisfication of landslides......Page 128
4.3.1 Falls......Page 130
4.3.2 Slides......Page 133
4.3.3 Flows......Page 135
4.4 Landslides in soils......Page 138
4.5 Landslides in rock masses......Page 141
4.6 A brief note on slope stability analysis......Page 145
4.7 Monitoring slopes......Page 150
4.7.1 Monitoring movement......Page 151
4.7.2 Monitoring load......Page 153
4.7.3 Monitoring groundwater......Page 154
4.8 Landslide hazard, investigation and mapping......Page 156
4.9.1 Rockfall treatment......Page 169
4.9.2 Alteration of slope geometry......Page 171
4.9.3 Reinforcement of slopes......Page 172
4.9.4 Restraining structures......Page 175
4.9.5 Drainage......Page 179
References......Page 181
5.1 Quicksands......Page 187
5.2 Expansive clays......Page 191
5.3 Dispersive soils......Page 201
5.4 Collapsible soils......Page 208
5.5 Quick clays......Page 213
5.6 Soils of arid regions......Page 219
5.7 Tropical soils......Page 224
5.8 Peat......Page 232
5.9 Frozen soil......Page 236
References......Page 245
6.1 Fluvial processes......Page 251
6.1.1 River flow......Page 255
6.1.2 River erosion......Page 259
6.1.3 River transport......Page 260
6.2 Floods......Page 267
6.3 Factors affecting run-off......Page 270
6.4.2 Measurement of current velocity......Page 277
6.4.3 Peak flow......Page 278
6.4.4 Hydrograph analysis......Page 281
6.5 Hazard zoning, warning systems and adjustments......Page 283
6.6 River control and flood regulation......Page 287
6.6.1 River training......Page 288
6.6.2 Dredging......Page 289
6.6.3 The design flood and flood control......Page 290
References......Page 295
Marine action and control......Page 298
7.1 Waves......Page 299
7.1.1 Force and height of waves......Page 300
7.1.2 Wave refraction......Page 304
7.2 Tides......Page 305
7.3 Beach zones......Page 306
7.4 Coastal erosion......Page 310
7.5 Beaches and longshore drift......Page 312
7.6 Storm surges and marine inundation......Page 315
7.7 Shoreline investigation......Page 320
7.7.1 Recording devices......Page 321
7.7.2 Topographic and hydrographic surveys......Page 323
7.7.3 Modelling......Page 324
7.8.1 Sea walls......Page 325
7.8.2 Breakwaters......Page 327
7.8.3 Embankments......Page 329
7.8.4 Revetments......Page 330
7.9.1 Groynes......Page 331
7.9.2 Beach replenishment......Page 334
7.10 Tsunamis......Page 335
References......Page 340
8.1 Introduction......Page 343
8.2 Wind action......Page 345
8.3 Desert dunes......Page 351
8.4 Stream action in arid and semi-arid regions......Page 355
8.5 Flooding and sediment problems......Page 361
8.6 Movement of dust and sand......Page 363
8.7 Sabkha soil conditions......Page 376
8.8 Salt weathering......Page 380
References......Page 393
9.1 Introdcution......Page 396
9.2 Estimation of soil loss......Page 403
9.3 Sediment yield......Page 406
9.4 The Universal Soil Loss Equation......Page 410
9.5 Soil erosion by wind......Page 419
9.6 Erosion control and conservation practices......Page 425
9.6.1 Conversvation measures for water erosion......Page 427
9.6.2 Conservation measures for wind erosion......Page 431
9.7 Assessment of soil erosion......Page 432
9.8 Desertification......Page 442
9.9 Irrigation......Page 445
References......Page 454
10.1 Introduction......Page 458
10.2 Domestic refuse and sanitary landfills......Page 460
10.2.1 Design considerations for a landfill......Page 463
10.2.2 Degradation of waste in landfills......Page 477
10.2.3 Attenuation of leachate......Page 478
10.2.4 Surface and groundwater pollution......Page 480
10.2.5 Landfill and gas formation......Page 482
10.3 Hazardous wastes......Page 485
10.4 Radioactive waste......Page 489
10.5 Waste materials from mining......Page 496
10.5.1 Basic properties of coarse discard associated with colliery spoil heaps......Page 497
10.5.2 Spoil heap material and combustion......Page 500
10.5.3 Restoration of spoil heaps......Page 501
10.5.4 Waste disposal in tailings dams......Page 503
10.6 Contaminated land......Page 508
10.7 Remediation of contaminated land......Page 518
10.7.1 Soil remediation......Page 519
10.7.2 Groundwater remediation......Page 522
References......Page 523
11.1 Introduction......Page 528
11.2 A note on groundwater quality......Page 529
11.3 Rock type, pllution potential and attenuation of a pollutant......Page 532
11.4 Faulty well design and construction......Page 535
11.4 Induced infiltration......Page 536
11.5 Leachate from landfill sites......Page 539
11.6 Saline intrusion......Page 544
11.7 Nitrate pollution......Page 548
11.8 The problem of acid mine drainage......Page 549
11.8 Waste waters and effluents from coal mines......Page 556
11.9 Other causer of pollution......Page 560
11.10 Groundwater monitoring and artificial......Page 562
References......Page 568
12.2 Pillar and stall workings and their potential failure......Page 572
12.3 Investigations in areas of abandoned mine workings......Page 581
12.4 Old mine workings and hazard zoning......Page 586
12.5 Measures to reduce or avoid subsidence effects due to old mine workings......Page 590
12.6 Old mine shafts......Page 592
12.7 Longwell mining and subsidence......Page 596
12.7.1 Geological factors and subsidence due to longwall mining......Page 600
12.7.2 Prediction of subsidence due to longwall mining......Page 602
12.8 Damage associated with ground movements......Page 604
12.9 Measures to mitigate the effects of subsidence due to longwall mining......Page 609
12.10 Metalliferous mining......Page 611
12.11.1 Subsidence associated with groundwater abstraction......Page 613
12.11.2 Sinkholes and subsidence......Page 615
12.11.4 Subsidence due to the abstraction of oil or gas......Page 618
12.11.5 Subsidence due to the abstraction of brine......Page 620
12.11.6 Ground failure and the abstraction of fluids......Page 622
12.11.7 Prediction of subsidence due to the abstraction of fluids......Page 625
References......Page 626