Geohazards and Pipelines: State-of-the-Art Design Using Experimental, Numerical and Analytical Methodologies

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part IIntroductory Concepts of Pipeline Behavior in Geohazard Areas
1 Introduction
	1.1 Scope, Background and Objective
	1.2 Description of the GIPIPE Project (2011–2014)
	1.3 Overview of Ground Movement Induced Damage to Pipelines
		1.3.1 Share of Ground Movement Induced Damage to Buried Pipelines
		1.3.2 Examples of Ground Movement Induced Damage to Buried Pipelines
	References
2 Pipeline Design Basics
	2.1 An Overview of Pipeline Standards Referring to Geohazards
	2.2 Pipeline Design Procedures in Geohazard Areas
		2.2.1 General Requirements and Design Procedure
		2.2.2 Pipeline Integrity Assessment Due to Ground-Induced Action (General Methodology)
		2.2.3 Risk Evaluation, Reliability Level and Selection of Design Basis
	2.3 Route Study and Evaluation of Landslide Hazard
	2.4 Required Scope, Extent and Depth of Geological Investigations
	2.5 Indicative Values of Soil Properties for Various Soil Types
		2.5.1 Indicative Values of Soil Properties Obtained from Textbooks
		2.5.2 Indicative Values of Soil Properties, given in Eurocode 7 (EN 1997) Geotechnical Design
		2.5.3 Indicative Values of Soil Properties, for Non-cohesive Soils, as used in the Calculations for Numerical Models, presented in this Book
		2.5.4 Effect of Spatial Variation of Soil Properties and Uncertainties in Determination of Geotechnical Parameters
	2.6 Indicative Measures for Improving Pipeline Resistance Near the Expected Permanent Ground-Induced Action
	References
3 Actions Due to Severe Ground-Induced Deformations
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Seismic Actions
		3.2.1 Introduction
		3.2.2 Transient Seismic Action
		3.2.3 Tectonic Seismic Faults
		3.2.4 Influence of Overlying Soil Strata on (Tectonic) Fault Rupture Propagation
		3.2.5 Estimate of (Tectonic) Fault Displacement
		3.2.6 Lateral Spreading Displacement from Liquefaction Caused by Seismic Activity
	3.3 Landslides
		3.3.1 Types of Landslides
		3.3.2 Pipelines under PGD from Landslides
	References
Part IIMain Results of the GIPIPE Project
4 Experimental Testing Conducted in the Course of the GIPIPE Project and Their Numerical Simulation
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Large-Scale Experiments in the “Landslide/Fault” Device
		4.2.1 Axial Pipe-Soil Interaction Tests and Numerical Simulation
		4.2.2 Transverse Pipe-Soil Interaction Tests and Numerical Simulation
		4.2.3 Large-Scale Landslide/Fault Tests and Numerical Simulation
	4.3 Experiments Performed in the TU Delft Laboratory
		4.3.1 Experimental Procedure and Results
		4.3.2 Numerical Simulation
	4.4 Small–Scale Experiments Performed at NTUA
		4.4.1 Experimental Setup
		4.4.2 Pipe Specimens
		4.4.3 Soil Material
		4.4.4 Instrumentation and Monitoring
		4.4.5 Finite Element Modeling
		4.4.6 Soil Constitutive Model
		4.4.7 Comparison Between Experimental Results and Numerical Predictions
	4.5 Conclusions
	References
5 Pipeline Response in Strike-Slip (Horizontal) Fault Crossings
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Limit States for Pipeline Design Against Permanent Ground Deformation
	5.3 Effect of Some Important Parameters on Pipeline Response in Fault Crossings
		5.3.1 Effect of Crossing Angle β (Soft Clay, Internal Pressure Zero)
		5.3.2 Effect of Pipewall Thickness (Soft Clay, Internal Pressure Zero)
		5.3.3 Effect of Soil Stiffness (Internal Pressure Zero)
		5.3.4 Effect of Internal Pressure (Soft Clay)
	5.4 Indicative Mitigation Measures for Fault Crossings
	5.5 Structural Behavior of Buried Pipeline Bends and Their Effect on Buried Pipeline Response in Fault Crossing Areas
		5.5.1 Mechanical Response of Buried Pipe Bends
		5.5.2 Effect of Pipe Elbows on Pipeline Response in Fault Crossings
	References
6 Pipeline Response Under Landslide Action
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Analysis Methodology
	6.3 Landslide Occurrence Parallel to the Pipeline Axis
	6.4 Landslide Occurrence Normal to the Pipeline Axis
	References
Part IIIDesign Guidelines for Buried Pipeline Design Under Ground-Induced Actions
7 Numerical Models for Pipelines Under Large Ground-Induced Deformations
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Beam-Spring Analyses (Beam on Nonlinear Winkler Foundation)
		7.2.1 Advantages and Limitations of the Use of BNWF Models
		7.2.2 Soil Spring Characteristics and Ultimate Soil Reactions Based on NEN 3650 Methodology
		7.2.3 Soil Spring Calculations According to ALA 2005
		7.2.4 Fault Crossing Example, Using the BNWF Model
	7.3 Modeling Pipe-Soil Interaction Using Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analyses
		7.3.1 Finite Element Model Types
		7.3.2 Model General Description
		7.3.3 Finite Element Meshing
		7.3.4 Model Size and Boundary Conditions
		7.3.5 Modeling of Pipe Material
		7.3.6 Modeling Soil Material
		7.3.7 Soil-Pipe Interaction
		7.3.8 Variation in Soil Properties
		7.3.9 Type of Analysis
		7.3.10 Three-Dimensional Modeling of Pipelines in Landslides
	7.4 Comparison of Numerical (FEM) Calculations and BNWF Model Results
	References
8 Modes of Failure, Limit States and Limit Values
	8.1 Introduction to Pipeline Damage and Serviceability Limit States
		8.1.1 Pipeline Ultimate Limit States
		8.1.2 Pipeline Serviceability Limit States (Damage Limitation States)
	8.2 Tensile Strain Capacity
		8.2.1 Scope of Commonly Used Pipeline Standards
		8.2.2 Influence of Girth Weld and HAZ and Variations in Pipe Bending Strength
		8.2.3 Recommendations from Literature
		8.2.4 Requirements and Recommendations for Ultimate Tensile Strain Within the Scope of These Guidelines
	8.3 Compressive Strain Limits
	8.4 Ovalization of the Cross Section
	References
9 Simplified Analytical Models for Pipeline Deformation Analyses Due to Permanent Ground Deformation
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Fault Crossing Analysis
		9.2.1 Determination of the Fault Displacement Value
		9.2.2 Calculation of Strains in the Pipeline
	9.3 Examples for Fault Crossing
		9.3.1 Example 1
		9.3.2 Example 2
	9.4 Transverse (Horizontal) Ground-Induced Action on the Pipeline Due to Landslide
		9.4.1 Methodology Proposed by Liu & O’ Rourke (1997)
		9.4.2 American Lifeline Alliance—ALA (2005)
		9.4.3 An Enhanced Methodology for Transverse Landslide Action on Pipelines
	9.5 Axial (Horizontal) Ground-Induced Action on the Pipeline Due to Landslide
	9.6 Examples for Landslides
		9.6.1 Example for Landslide Motion Transverse to the Pipeline
		9.6.2 Example for Landslide Motion Parallel to the Pipeline
	References