Geographical modeling: cities and territories

Cover......Page 1
Half-Title Page......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Introduction......Page 11
1. Complexity in Geography......Page 15
 1.1. A first bifurcation in the epistemology of geographic modeling......Page 17
  1.1.1. “Vertical” explanations for the “science of places, not people”......Page 18
  1.1.2. “Horizontal” explanations for the science of the spatiality of societies......Page 19
  1.1.3. The discussed status of modeling......Page 21
 1.2. Modeled regularities......Page 24
  1.2.1. Proximity and distances......Page 25
  1.2.2. The scale......Page 29
  1.2.3. Concentration and accumulation: geographical inequalities and scaling laws......Page 33
  1.2.4. Spatial change and trajectory dependence......Page 35
  1.2.5. Territorial drifts, space-time compression, and globalization......Page 39
 1.3. Conclusion......Page 43
 2.1. Introduction......Page 45
 2.2. Explaining by reasons or laws: choosing an epistemological framework......Page 46
 2.3. The modeling approach: diversity of models......Page 50
 2.4. Explaining through statistical relationships or mechanisms......Page 52
 2.5. Choosing the level of abstraction for the phenomenon to be explained: general versus particular......Page 55
 2.6. Choosing the level of abstraction for the model: stylized or realistic, KISS or KIDS......Page 58
  2.6.1. Modes of representation of space: from a stylized space to a realistic space......Page 59
  2.6.2. Formalizing spatial mechanisms: from stylized to realistic......Page 62
 2.7. Conclusion......Page 64
3. Effects of Distance and Scale Dependence in Geographical Models of Cities and Territories......Page 67
 3.1. Three fundamental principles for modeling cities and territories......Page 69
  3.1.1. Effects of distance......Page 71
  3.1.2. Effects of scale dependence......Page 72
 3.2. Role of distance in spatial simulation models......Page 75
 3.3. Modeling scale dependence......Page 90
  3.3.1. Scale dependence as a result of processes acting at different scales......Page 91
  3.3.2. Scale invariance for the description of geographical phenomena......Page 97
  3.3.3. Scale dependence as a generative mechanism for simulated spatial configurations......Page 102
 3.4. Conclusion......Page 107
4. Incremental Territorial Modeling......Page 109
  4.1.1. Modeling as one map: selection and schematization......Page 110
  4.1.2. The representation of territory as an input of the model......Page 114
  4.1.3. The representation of territory as an output of the model......Page 116
  4.2.1. Historical contingency and non-ergodicity......Page 120
  4.2.2. General/specific/singular......Page 123
 4.3. Incremental territorial modeling......Page 124
  4.3.1. Identifying the object, scale, configuration, and stylized facts......Page 125
  4.3.2. Gathering the different theoretical explanations......Page 126
  4.3.3. Hierarchizing the interaction processes between agents......Page 127
  4.3.4. Hierarchizing the interaction processes between agents and their environment......Page 128
  4.3.5. Implementing mechanisms and their formal alternatives......Page 129
  4.3.6. Combining, simulating, and comparing......Page 130
 4.4. Challenges and limits of multi-modeling......Page 131
  4.4.2. Human and technical costs......Page 132
  4.4.4. Comparing models of different structures......Page 133
 4.5. Conclusion......Page 135
5. Methods for Exploring Simulation Models......Page 139
 5.1. Social sciences and experimentation......Page 140
 5.2. Geographical data and computer skills......Page 141
 5.3. New generation simulations......Page 144
  5.3.1. A virtual laboratory: the OpenMOLE platform......Page 145
  5.3.2. The SimpopLocal experiment: simulation of an emergence in geography......Page 148
  5.3.3. Implementation of SimpopLocal, from NetLogo to OpenMOLE......Page 151
  5.3.4. Calibration and validation......Page 153
 5.4. Other examples of OpenMOLE applications: network– territory interaction models......Page 157
  5.5.1. Methods......Page 161
  5.5.2. Tools......Page 162
 5.6. Conclusion......Page 163
 6.1. Introduction......Page 165
 6.2. Visualization as modeling......Page 167
  6.2.1. Visualization as a tool for interdisciplinarity......Page 169
  6.2.2. Visualization and reproducibility......Page 174
  6.2.3. Visualizing a model means learning......Page 176
 6.3. Visualize to evaluate......Page 177
  6.3.1. Visualize before modeling......Page 178
  6.3.2. Visualize during the simulation......Page 180
  6.3.3. Visualizing after the simulation......Page 183
  6.4.1. Which models should be compared?......Page 186
  6.4.2. How should visual comparison be done?......Page 188
 6.5. Visualizing to communicate......Page 192
  6.5.1. Visualizing to disseminate......Page 193
 6.6. Some obstacles inherent in model visualization......Page 196
  6.6.1. Producing and visualizing massive data......Page 197
  6.6.2. Visualization of aggregated data......Page 201
 6.7. Conclusion......Page 205
References......Page 207
List of Authors......Page 235
Index......Page 237
Other titles from iSTE in Science, Society and New Technologies......Page 241
EULA......Page 247