Geoenvironmental engineering: principles and applications

Geoenvironmental Engineering: Principles and Applications......Page 1
Preface......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 12
Contents......Page 0
1.2 SOIL FORMATION......Page 13
1.3 PHASE COMPOSITION......Page 16
1.3.1 Geotechnical Processes Controlling Phase Composition......Page 20
Soil Compaction......Page 21
Soil Consolidation......Page 23
1.4 SOLIDS COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERIZATION......Page 24
1.5 MINERAL COMPOSITION......Page 29
1.6 ROLE OF COMPOSITION IN ENGINEERING BEHAVIOR OF SOILS......Page 36
REFERENCES......Page 39
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 40
2.2 DIFFERENT SCALES OF SOIL STRUCTURE......Page 41
2.3 PORE SIZES ASSOCIATED WITH SOIL STRUCTURE......Page 44
2.4 SINGLE-PARTICLE ARRANGEMENTS......Page 47
2.5 GOUY-CHAPMAN THEORY OF THE DOUBLE LAYER......Page 54
2.6 FORCES OF INTERACTION BETWEEN CLAY PARTICLES......Page 58
2.7 STRUCTURE VARIATIONS DUE TO CONSOLIDATION AND COMPACTION......Page 62
2.8 ROLE OF SOIL STRUCTURE IN THE ENGINEERING BEHAVIOR OF SOILS......Page 66
REFERENCES......Page 69
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 71
3.2 ENERGY STATES OF WATER IN SOIL......Page 72
3.3 PRINCIPLES OF FLOW IN SATURATED SOILS......Page 76
3.3.1 Poiseuille’s and Darcy’s Laws......Page 77
3.3.2 Coef.cient of Permeability......Page 79
3.3.3 Permeability of Compacted Clays......Page 83
3.4 GOVERNING EQUATION FOR SATURATED FLOW......Page 89
3.5.1 Steady-State Saturated Flow: Flow Nets......Page 91
3.5.2 Transient Saturated Flow: Terzaghi’s Consolidation Equation......Page 94
3.6 PRINCIPLES OF FLOW IN UNSATURATED SOILS......Page 98
3.6.1 Moisture Characteristic Curves......Page 99
3.6.2 Variation of Coef.cient of Permeability with Water Content......Page 102
3.7 GOVERNING EQUATION FOR UNSATURATED FLOW......Page 105
3.8 ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS OF STEADY AND TRANSIENT FLOW IN SOILS......Page 107
REFERENCES......Page 118
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 122
4.2 MASS TRANSPORT MECHANISMS......Page 123
4.3 MASS TRANSFER MECHANISMS......Page 128
Hydrolysis......Page 129
Oxidation–Reduction (Redox) Reactions......Page 130
Complexation......Page 131
Precipitation and Dissolution......Page 132
Radioactive Decay......Page 136
Sorption......Page 137
4.3.2 Equilibrium and Kinetic Models of Reactions......Page 140
4.3.3 Biotic Processes......Page 143
4.4 GOVERNING EQUATION FOR MASS TRANSPORT......Page 146
4.5 SOLUTIONS FOR SPECIAL CASES OF MASS TRANSPORT......Page 148
Pure Diffusion Conditions......Page 149
Advection and Dispersion for Continuous Source......Page 151
Advection and Dispersion for Instantaneous Source......Page 152
Advection and Dispersion with Sorption......Page 153
Advection and Dispersion with Sorption and Zero-Order Production or Decay......Page 154
Advection and Dispersion with Sorption, Zero-Order Production, and First-Order Decay......Page 155
4.5.3 Two- and Three-Dimensional Transport......Page 157
4.6 SURVEY OF COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR MASS TRANSPORT AND TRANSFER MODELING......Page 160
REFERENCES......Page 163
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 166
5.2.1 Interfacial Tension......Page 168
5.2.2 Wettability of Soils......Page 169
5.2.3 Capillarity......Page 172
5.3.1 Light Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids......Page 176
5.3.2 Dense Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids......Page 179
5.4 PHASE DIAGRAM FOR SOIL–WATER–LNAPL–AIR SYSTEMS......Page 182
5.5 MODELING TRANSPORT OF NAPLs IN SOILS......Page 187
5.5.1 Relative Permeability Concept......Page 188
5.5.2 Equations Governing Multiphase Transport......Page 190
5.6 MOBILIZATION OF RESIDUAL NAPLs......Page 193
5.7 MASS TRANSFER PROCESSES......Page 198
REFERENCES......Page 204
6.1 SITE CONTAMINATION SCENARIOS......Page 206
6.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES......Page 209
6.2.1 Characterization techniques......Page 210
Ground-Penetrating Radar......Page 213
Electromagnetic Resistivity......Page 217
Direct-Current Resistivity Method......Page 219
Seismic Methods......Page 224
Electrochemical and Electrooptical Sensing Methods......Page 226
6.3 GEOSTATISTICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 231
6.3.1 Spatial Distribution of Monitoring Points......Page 232
6.3.2 Contaminated Zone Contouring Using Measured Data......Page 234
6.4.1 Vaporization from Open Water Bodies......Page 235
6.4.2 Vaporization from Geomedia......Page 237
6.5 CONTAMINANT RELEASE MECHANISMS: DUSTING......Page 243
6.6 CONTAMINANT RELEASE MECHANISMS: LEACHING......Page 244
6.6.1 Leaching Through Contaminated Pore Fluid Displacement......Page 245
6.6.2 Leaching Through Diffusion from Consolidated or Stabilized Waste Mass......Page 248
REFERENCES......Page 249
7.1.1 Toxicity......Page 252
7.1.3 Corrosivity......Page 255
7.1.4 Ignitability......Page 257
7.2 INTRODUCTION TO EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT......Page 258
7.2.1 Carcinogenic Risks......Page 262
7.2.2 Noncarcinogenic Risks......Page 264
7.3 RISK-BASED ESTIMATION OF REQUIRED CLEAN-UP LEVELS......Page 266
Residential......Page 267
Commercial/Industrial......Page 268
7.3.2 Clean-up Level for Groundwater......Page 271
REFERENCES......Page 272
8.1 TREATMENT APPROACHES......Page 274
8.3 BASIS FOR TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY SELECTION......Page 275
8.4 PUMP-AND-TREAT PRINCIPLES......Page 278
8.4.1 Basic Pump-and-Treat Principles......Page 281
8.4.2 Chemical Enhancements Including Surfactants......Page 295
Surfactant Action......Page 297
Co-solvent Action......Page 298
Dissolution......Page 299
8.5 IN-SITU SOIL FLUSHING......Page 301
8.6.1 In-Situ Soil Venting/Soil Vapor Extraction Principles......Page 302
8.6.3 In-Situ Air Sparging Principles......Page 306
8.7 IN-SITU VITRIFICATION PRINCIPLES......Page 309
8.8 IN-SITU CHEMICAL TREATMENT IN REACTIVE WALLS......Page 315
8.9 SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION (EX-SITU) PRINCIPLES......Page 325
8.9.1 Types of Stabilization......Page 326
8.9.2 Performance Analysis for Stabilized/Solidi.ed Wastes......Page 328
8.9.3 Tests for Leachability Assessment......Page 331
8.9.4 Theoretical Analysis of Contaminant Leaching Rates......Page 336
8.10 EX-SITU CHEMICAL TREATMENT PRINCIPLES......Page 338
8.10.1 Chemical Oxidation–Reduction Principles......Page 339
8.10.3 Hydrolysis Principles......Page 342
8.11 IN-SITU NATURAL ATTENUATION PRINCIPLES......Page 346
8.12 IN-SITU PHYTOREMEDIATION PRINCIPLES......Page 354
8.12.1 Phytoextraction......Page 355
8.12.2 Phytodegradation......Page 356
8.12.5 Phytostabilization......Page 358
8.13.1 Contaminant Intrinsic Biodegradability......Page 359
8.13.3 Groundwater Temperature......Page 364
8.13.5 Soil Nutrients......Page 365
REFERENCES......Page 366
9.1 ESSENTIALS OF WASTE CONTAINMENT......Page 371
9.2 HYDRAULIC AND PHYSICAL CONTAINMENT......Page 376
9.3 CONTAINMENT EFFECTS ON SOURCE TERMS......Page 380
9.4 CONTAINMENT SITE SELECTION TECHNIQUES......Page 382
9.5 CONTAINMENT SITE IMPROVEMENT......Page 388
REFERENCES......Page 393
10.1 LANDFILLS......Page 395
10.2 SLURRY WALLS......Page 398
10.3 DRAINAGE TRENCHES AND WELLS......Page 401
10.4 SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS......Page 404
10.5 GROUT CURTAINS......Page 405
10.6 COMPOSITE SYSTEMS......Page 407
REFERENCES......Page 408
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 411
11.2 LEACHATE GENERATION......Page 412
11.3 WATER BALANCE IN WASTE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS......Page 414
11.3.1 Monthly Water Balance Method......Page 415
11.3.2 Hydrologic Evaluation of Land.ll Performance (HELP)......Page 420
Infiltration......Page 422
Subsurface Water Routing......Page 423
11.4 LEACHATE COLLECTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEMS (LCRS)......Page 427
11.5 FLOW AND TRANSPORT THROUGH BARRIERS......Page 432
11.5.1 Flow Through Barriers......Page 433
11.5.2 Mass Transport Through Barriers......Page 435
11.5.3 Relative Importance of Advection and Dispersion......Page 440
11.6 STABILITY OF WASTE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS......Page 444
11.6.1 Slope Stability......Page 445
11.6.2 Stability of Interfaces......Page 448
11.6.3 Settlements......Page 451
11.6.4 Geotechnical Properties of Waste......Page 454
REFERENCES......Page 457
12.1 CONTAINMENT SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ELEMENTS......Page 461
12.2 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE PATTERN......Page 462
12.3 TYPES OF BARRIER MATERIALS......Page 468
12.3.1 Clayey Barrier Materials......Page 469
12.3.3 Polymeric Membranes......Page 470
12.3.4 Geosynthetic-Clay Materials......Page 471
12.4 MATERIAL DETERIORATION MECHANISMS......Page 472
Flocculation of Barrier Materials......Page 473
Dissolution of Barrier Soils......Page 476
Exposed Slope Failures by Creep......Page 479
Deterioration of Polymeric Materials......Page 480
12.4.2 Transient (Catastrophic) Events......Page 482
12.5 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE MONITORING TECHNIQUES......Page 485
REFERENCES......Page 488