Geoenvironmental Engineering

Front Cover......Page 1
Geoenvironmental Engineering......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 10
PREFACE......Page 8
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 24
1.2 SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS......Page 25
1.4 GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ASPECTS......Page 33
1.5 ACTIONS TOWARD RESTORING THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 35
1.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 38
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 40
2.2 APPROACHES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT......Page 41
2.3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT......Page 45
2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT......Page 47
2.5 ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT......Page 49
2.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 53
3.2 SOURCES OF WASTES......Page 56
3.3 HAZARDOUS WASTE......Page 67
3.4 HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT......Page 71
3.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 81
4.2 SOIL PHASES......Page 82
4.3 MINERAL COMPOSITION......Page 87
4.5 CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF SILICATES......Page 90
4.6 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF SOIL CLAYS......Page 93
4.7 PROPERTIES OF LAYER SILICATES......Page 98
4.8 SOIL ORGANIC MATTER......Page 102
4.9 CHARGE DEVELOPMENT IN SOILS......Page 103
4.10 SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS......Page 105
4.11 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 106
5.2 ADSORPTION MECHANISMS......Page 108
5.4 METAL CATION ADSORPTION......Page 112
5.5 ADSORPTION EQUILIBRIUM......Page 116
5.6 MOLECULAR ADSORPTION MODELS......Page 120
5.7 ORGANIC POLLUTANT-SOIL ORGANIC MATTER INTERACTION......Page 133
5.8 SOIL ORGANIC MATTER-SOIL MINERALS INTERACTION......Page 136
5.9 INFLUENCE OF POLLUTANTS ON SOIL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY......Page 137
5.10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 144
6.2 POLLUTANT PATHWAYS......Page 146
6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE......Page 147
6.4 BIOAVAILABILITY......Page 149
6.5 EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS......Page 153
6.6 PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION......Page 154
6.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 163
7.2 SITE INVESTIGATION APPROACH......Page 166
7.3 PHASE I INVESTIGATIONS......Page 167
7.5 GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES......Page 171
7.6 HYDROGEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS......Page 187
7.7 HYDROGEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION......Page 194
7.8 GEOCHEMICAL DATA COLLECTION......Page 202
7.10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 205
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 208
8.2 DATA ANALYSIS CONCEPTS......Page 209
8.3 SEMIVARIOGRAM......Page 211
8.4 INTRINSIC MODELLING......Page 214
8.5 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS......Page 215
8.6 KRIGING......Page 221
8.7 SOLUTION METHODOLOGY......Page 224
8.8 APPLICATION......Page 226
8.9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 230
9.2 MODELLING PROCESS......Page 232
9.3 TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN SOILS......Page 233
9.4 TRANSPORT EQUATION......Page 237
9.5 SOLUTE TRANSPORT MODELS......Page 241
9.6 METHODS FOR CALCULATING TRANSPORT PARAMETERS......Page 250
9.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 267
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 268
10.2 BASIC ELEMENTS OF HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 269
10.3 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION......Page 270
10.4 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT......Page 271
10.5 TOXICITY ASSESSMENT......Page 277
10.6 RISK CHARACTERIZATION......Page 282
10.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 285
11.2 ELEMENTS OF A RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM......Page 286
11.3 QUANTIFIED RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 290
11.5 REGULATORY APPROACHES......Page 291
11.6 MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR POLLUTED SOILS......Page 299
11.7 SELECTION OF MITIGATION OPTIONS......Page 301
11.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 302
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 304
12.2 WELL HYDRAULICS......Page 305
12.3 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT BY HYDRODYNAMIC CONTROLS......Page 312
12.4 HYDRAULIC BARRIER SYSTEMS......Page 313
12.5 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS......Page 321
12.6 CRITICAL EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT......Page 325
12.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 327
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 330
13.2 SLURRY WALLS......Page 331
13.3 GROUTING......Page 344
13.5 GROUND FREEZING......Page 350
13.6 ELECTROKINETICS......Page 351
13.7 REACTIVE BARRIERS......Page 352
13.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 356
14.2 FUNCTIONS OF COVERING SYSTEMS......Page 358
14.3 TYPES OF COVERING SYSTEMS......Page 359
14.4 SOIL-BASED COVERING SYSTEMS......Page 360
14.5 TOP LAYER......Page 361
14.6 DRAINAGE LAYER......Page 370
14.7 INFILTRATION BARRIER LAYER......Page 372
14.9 MINING WASTE COVERING SYSTEMS......Page 383
14.10 TYPES OF COVERING MATERIALS......Page 390
14.11 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 392
15.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 394
15.3 CLAY LINERS......Page 395
15.4 DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF CLAY LINERS......Page 396
15.5 REQUIRED PROPERTIES OF CLAY LINERS......Page 400
15.6 FACTORS CONTROLLING PROPERTIES OF CLAY LINERS......Page 401
15.7 POST CONSTRUCTION CHANGES......Page 405
15.8 OTHER TYPES OF LINING SYSTEMS......Page 418
15.9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 425
16.2 TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION......Page 428
16.3 SITE CONDITIONS......Page 430
16.4 SOIL PROPERTIES......Page 433
16.5 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 435
16.6 CONTROL VARIABLES......Page 438
16.7 RESPONSE VARIABLES......Page 442
16.8 MODELLING OF VAPOUR REMOVAL RATE......Page 444
16.9 CASE STUDY......Page 446
16.10 ISSUES RELATED TO SVE APPLICATION......Page 449
16.11 INTEGRATED SYSTEMS......Page 450
16.12 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 453
17.2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION......Page 456
17.3 EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES......Page 458
17.4 SELECTIVE SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION......Page 460
17.5 EXTRACTION VIA HYDROCHLORIC ACID......Page 470
17.6 EXTRACTION VIA CHELATING AGENTS......Page 472
17.7 EXTRACTION VIA ORGANIC ACIDS......Page 486
17.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 487
18.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 488
18.2 SURFACTANT PROPERTIES......Page 489
18.3 ORGANIC POLLUTANT PROPERTIES......Page 497
18.4 SOIL SYSTEM PROPERTIES......Page 500
18.5 INTERACTION MECHANISMS OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS......Page 509
18.6 MICELLE FORMATION IN SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS......Page 511
18.7 MICELLE SOLUBILIZATION......Page 515
18.8 SURFACTANT FLOW IN POLLUTED SOIL......Page 517
18.9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 521
19.2 CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY......Page 522
19.3 ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS......Page 524
19.4 TRANSPORT OF ELECTROACTIVE SPECIES......Page 532
19.5 ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA......Page 533
19.6 ELECTROKINETIC REMEDIATION......Page 541
19.7 ELECTRODIALYSIS REMEDIATION......Page 546
19.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 550
20.2 S/S PROCESSES......Page 552
20.3 CEMENT TYPES AND COMPOSITION......Page 553
20.4 CEMENT HYDRATION......Page 556
20.5 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SET OF PORTLAND CEMENT......Page 563
20.6 SOIL-PORTLAND CEMENT INTERACTION......Page 564
20.7 SOIL-LIME INTERACTION......Page 565
20.8 CONTROLLING FACTORS IN SOIL STABILIZATION......Page 566
20.9 KINETICS OF REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS IN STABILIZED SOIL......Page 568
20.10 INORGANIC WASTE-PORTLAND CEMENT INTERACTION......Page 570
20.11 ORGANIC WASTE-PORTLAND CEMENT INTERACTION......Page 574
20.12 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL LEACHABILITY......Page 576
20.13 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 580
21.2 SOIL BIOMASS......Page 582
21.3 MICROBIAL METABOLISM AND GROWTH......Page 584
21.4 MICROBIAL REACTIONS......Page 587
21.5 MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS......Page 590
21.6 MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS......Page 596
21.7 BIOTRANSFORMATION REACTIONS......Page 604
21.8 FACTORS AFFECTING MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION......Page 606
21.9 KINETICS OF MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION......Page 613
21.10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 614
22.2 WATER QUALITY......Page 616
22.3 SEDIMENT QUALITY......Page 617
22.4 DEVELOPMENT OF CLEANUP ALTERNATIVES......Page 619
22.5 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CLEANUP ALTERNATIVES......Page 622
22.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 632
GLOSSARY......Page 634
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING......Page 676
INDEX......Page 716