Geocomplexity and the Physics of Earthquakes

Title Page
......Page 4
Copyright
......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 8
Geophysical Monograph Series......Page 2
Introduction......Page 9
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 12
2.1. Model Definition......Page 13
2.2. Measures of the Irregular System State......Page 15
3.1. Single Slider Experiments......Page 16
3.2. Spring Coupled Sliders......Page 22
4. LIMITATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE MODEL......Page 29
4. 2. Interaction......Page 30
REFERENCES......Page 31
INTRODUCTION......Page 34
PREVIOUS WORK ON SPRING-BLOCK MODELS......Page 35
Heterogeneity......Page 39
Stress-dependenftr iction......Page 40
Coupling to viscous asthenosphere......Page 41
CONCLUSION......Page 46
REFERENCES......Page 47
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 50
2. MODEL......Page 51
3. LONG-RANGE INTERACTIONS AND COARSE-GRAINING OF MODEL......Page 52
4. COARSE-GRAINING ASSUMPTIONS......Page 56
5. THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS AND SIMULATION RESULTS......Page 57
6. ENERGY-FLUCTUATION METRIC ANDERGODICITY......Page 66
7. COARSE GRAINING REVISITED AND ARRESTED NUCLEATION......Page 67
8. CLUSTERS AND SCALING IN NEAR MEAN-FIELD MODELS......Page 69
9. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION......Page 75
REFERENCES......Page 77
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 79
2. SIMULATION TECHNIQUES......Page 80
3.2. Rough Fault Model......Page 82
4.1. Friction Results......Page 83
4.2. Scaling Properties......Page 84
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 86
REFERENCES......Page 87
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 89
2. SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY......Page 91
3. HAZARD ASSESSMENT......Page 93
4. FOREST FIRE MODEL......Page 94
5. INVERSE CASCADE MODEL......Page 95
6. SEISMIC ACTIVATION......Page 99
REFERENCES......Page 101
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 103
3. APPROXIMATIONS......Page 105
4. INITIAL CONDITIONS......Page 106
6. DISCUSSION......Page 107
REFERENCES......Page 109
Lattice Solid Simulation of the Physics of Fault Zones and Earthquakes: the Model, Results and Directions......Page 110
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 111
2.1. Elastic Behavior......Page 112
2.4. Friction......Page 114
2.5. Numerical Integration......Page 115
2.8. ThermalExpansion......Page 116
3.1. Effective Fault Friction......Page 118
4.1. Thermo-mechanical Coupling......Page 123
4.2. Thermo-porous Coupling......Page 124
5.1. The Critical Point Hypothesis.f or Earthquakes......Page 125
5.2. Simulation Results......Page 126
REFERENCES......Page 129
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 131
3. BASIC METHOD......Page 134
4. CORRELATION OPERATORS......Page 136
6. SPATIAL CORRELATION PATTERNS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SEISMICITY......Page 137
7. FORECASTING SYNTHETIC SEISMICITY IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA......Page 138
8. "RANDOMIZED MODEL" AND UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE......Page 139
9. STATISTICAL TEST OF FORECAST PROBABLILITIES......Page 141
10. EXTENSIONS TO OBSERVED SEISMICITY IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA......Page 144
11. FINAL COMMENTS......Page 146
12. APPENDIX A: EARTHQUAKE FAULT SYSTEM MODEL......Page 147
13. APPENDIXB ' EIGENVALUEOSF K xi,xj......Page 148
REFERENCES......Page 149
INTRODUCTION......Page 151
THERMAL BUDGET DURING FAULTING......Page 152
EARTHQUAKE ENERGY BUDGET......Page 154
FRACTURE ENERGY......Page 156
LINK BETWEEN MICROSCOPIC AND MACROSCOPIC PROCESSES......Page 157
INTERPRETATION......Page 158
Large Mw_45.  Earthquakes......Page 159
State of Stress......Page 160
Slip Behavior of a Plate Boundary......Page 161
CONCLUSION......Page 163
REFERENCES......Page 164
INTRODUCTION......Page 168
METHODOLOGY......Page 170
RESULTS......Page 176
ALASKA-ALEUTIAN ISLANDS DATASET......Page 180
DISCUSSION......Page 183
REFERENCES......Page 188
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 190
3.1. Characteristics of RepetitiveS tick-slip......Page 191
3.3. Dependenceo f ShearS tresso n Recurrence Interval......Page 192
4.1. Fault Healing RatesI nferredF rom Stress Drop Measurements......Page 193
4.2. Second-order Variations and Data Scatter......Page 195
4.3. Modelingo f Data UsingR ate-a ndS tate-dependent Friction Laws......Page 196
4.4. Comparison to Previous Studies......Page 198
5. SUMMARY......Page 199
REFERENCES......Page 200
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 202
2. MODELS FOR ACCELERATING SEISMIC MOMENT/ENERGY RELEASE......Page 203
3. DATA......Page 204
4. METHOD......Page 205
5. RESULTS......Page 207
6. DISCUSSION......Page 208
REFERENCES......Page 212
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 214
2. METHOD......Page 215
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 217
REFERENCES......Page 220
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 222
1.2. Computational Overview......Page 223
1.3. Geoscience Overview......Page 225
2.2. Distributed Objects and the Web......Page 226
2.3. Architectureo f the GEMCI ProblemS olving Environment......Page 229
2. 4. Building the GEMCI Problem Solving Environment......Page 231
2.5. Libraries or Distributed Components?......Page 233
Elastic......Page 234
4.2. Green's Function Formulation and Approximations......Page 235
4.3. Friction Models:......Page 236
4. 4. Multipole Methods and Fast Numerical Simulation......Page 237
5.1. SeismicityM odels and Data Assimilation......Page 240
5.2. Future Modeling Directions......Page 241
5.3. Responseto an Earthquakei n SouthernC alifornia......Page 242
5.4 . FundamentalC omputationaSl cienceS tudies in Earthquake Forecasting......Page 243
5.5. Seismic Waves and Earthquake Engineering......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 245
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 248
2. SCIENTIFIC LAWS AND PHYSICAL PROCESSES......Page 249
3. COMPLEX SYSTEMS IN NATURE AND SOFTWARE......Page 250
3.3. Nonlinearities......Page 251
4. SOLID EARTH SUBSYSTEMS......Page 252
4. 1. Processesin the Upper Crust......Page 253
4.2. Numerical Simulation of the Upper Crust......Page 258
4. 3. Faulting Processes......Page 260
5. A FRAMEWORK FOR EARTH MODELING......Page 263
5.1. Software Organization for Geocomputing......Page 264
5.2. Parallel Computers and Future Hardware......Page 265
REFERENCES......Page 267
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 269
2. POROELASTICITY......Page 270
3.1. The Mandel-Cryer Effect......Page 271
3.2. Anomolous Pp in Fault Zones......Page 272
4. AFTERSHOCKS......Page 273
4. 2. The 1992 Landers earthquake......Page 274
4.3. Poroelastic changes at a?ershock locations......Page 275
5. AFTERSLIP......Page 276
6. POSTSEISMIC DEFORMATION......Page 281
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 282
REFERENCES......Page 285