Genomic Data Sharing. Case Studies, Challenges, and Opportunities for Precision Medicine

Front cover
Half title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
1 Introduction to the volume
	Acknowledgments
	References
2 From public resources to improving health: How genomic data sharing empowers science and medicine
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 The Human Genome Project set the paradigm for genomic data sharing
	2.3 Genomic data sharing enables multiple areas of research
	Ethical/moral
	Scientific/practical
		2.3.1 Research using model organisms
		2.3.2 Research using human data
		2.3.3 Technical analysis development
	2.4 Putting data sharing into practice
	2.5 Data sharing will propel precision medicine
	2.6 Learning healthcare systems and data sharing
	2.7 Need for responsible data stewardship
	2.8 Barriers to genomic data sharing
	2.9 Conclusion
	References
3 Biobank case example: Marshfield clinic
	3.1 Stakeholder engagement
		3.1.1 External stakeholders
		3.1.2 Internal stakeholders
	3.2 Technical procedures to facilitate genomic data sharing with collaborators
	3.3 Phase 1—Sample identification, phenotyping, and quality controls
		3.3.1 Phenotype data quality controls
		3.3.2 Sample data quality controls
	3.4 Phase 2—Data integration and sample return
	3.5 Phase 3—Finalizing datasets
	3.6 Phase 4—Data access
		3.6.1 Pilot genomic data sharing projects with participants
	3.7 Summary
	References
4 Multidirectional genetic and genomic data sharing in the All of Us research program
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Sharing data with researchers
		4.2.1 Relevant considerations
		4.2.2 Guiding concepts for sharing data with researchers
		4.2.3 Implementation
		4.2.4 Lessons learned and future directions
	4.3 Returning genetic and genomic results to participants
		4.3.1 Relevant considerations
		4.3.2 Guiding concepts for the return of genetic and genomic results
		4.3.3 Implementation
		4.3.4 Lessons learned and future directions
	4.4 Concluding remarks
	References
5 A community approach to standards development: The Global Alliance for Genomics and Health
(GA4GH)
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 The rationale for and promise of an international alliance
(2012–2014)
	5.3 Convening the community (2014–2017)
	5.4 GA4GH connect (2017–2019)
	5.5 Gap analysis (2019–2021)
		5.5.1 Technical alignment
		5.5.2 Implementation support
		5.5.3 Clinical engagement
	5.6 Beyond GA4GH connect
(2021 and beyond)
	5.7 A novel approach to funding and support
	5.8 Three recommendations
		5.8.1 Community needs should drive development
		5.8.2 Create global equity and opportunity to ensure fit-for-purpose development
		5.8.3 Strive for consensus and intentional decision-making
	5.9 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
6 Clinical genomic data on FHIR®:
Case studies in the development
and adoption of the Genomics
Reporting Implementation Guide
	6.1 Background
		6.1.1 Health Level 7
(HL7)
		6.1.2 HL7 Clinical Genomics
	6.2 Case studies: implementation of HL7 FHIR
		6.2.1 Exchanging HLA data for histocompatibility and immunogenetics
		6.2.2 Electronic medical records and genomics
(eMERGE) network
		6.2.3 Minimum common oncology data elements
(mCODE)
	6.3 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
7 Genomics data sharing
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Current practices
	7.3 Case study: H3Africa model
		7.3.1 Data archive
		7.3.2 Data sharing, access and release policy
		7.3.3 Data access committee
		7.3.4 H3Africa catalog
	7.4 Beacons
	7.5 Data commons model
		7.5.1 Data commons in Africa
	7.6 Common challenges in genomic data sharing and managing risks
		7.6.1 ELSI
		7.6.2 Motivational challenges
		7.6.3 Technical challenges
		7.6.4 Infrastructure challenges
		7.6.5 Economic and political challenges
		7.6.6 Intellectual property rights
	7.7 Executive summary
	References
8 Data standardization in the omics field
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Defining standardization
	8.2 Omics data standardization
		8.2.1 Existing standards and resources
		8.2.2 Data standardization and FAIR data
	8.3 Challenges to data standardization
		8.3.1 Adoption challenges
		8.3.2 Policy challenges
	8.4 Executive summary
	Acknowledgments
	Conflict of Interest
	References
9 Data sharing: The public\'s perspective
	9.1 Public willing to participate?
	9.2 Concerns unique to genomic data?
		9.2.1 Data concerns
		9.2.2 Matters of trust
	9.3 Support for broad data sharing
	9.4 A question of context
	9.5 Policy for the people
	9.6 Further research
	References
10 Genetic data sharing in the view of the EU general data protection regulation
(GDPR)
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 The special status of genetic/genomic data
	10.3 The GDPR framework for scientific research
	10.4 Consent for genetic data sharing under EU law
		10.4.1 (Informed) consent for genetic data sharing: two distinct requirements arising from regulatory and ethics frameworks
		10.4.2 What type of consent is considered valid under the GDPR?
	10.5 Alternative legal bases for genetic data sharing: shifting attention away from consent
	10.6 Concluding remarks
	References
11 Genomic data sharing and intellectual property
	11.1 Forms of intellectual property protection for genomic data
		11.1.1 Copyright
	11.2 Databases, data protection, and terms of use
	11.3 Patents
		11.3.1 Early biotech patents
		11.3.2 Genetic patents and utility
		11.3.3 Bermuda and official patent deterrence
		11.3.4 The Ft. Lauderdale principles
		11.3.5 NIH\'s evolving policy toward patenting
		11.3.6 Patent deterrence outside the United States
		11.3.7 Nongovernmental limitations on patenting genomic data
		11.3.8 The SNP consortium and defensive patenting
		11.3.9 Genetic sequence patents under Myriad11Detailed accounts of the gene patenting litigation involving Myriad Genetics can be found in Refs. [50] and [54].
		11.3.10 Diagnostic patents under Mayo
		11.3.11 Licensing of genomic inventions
	11.4 Conclusion
	References
12 Data governance
	12.1 Background: precision medicine genomics and governance
	12.2 How data governance shapes precision medicine
		12.2.1 Retrospective data integration
		12.2.2 Prospective data collection
		12.2.3 Data access
	12.3 The road ahead: how data governance should shape the future of precision medicine
	References
Index
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