Genocide: A Normative Account

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Acknowledgments......Page 11
1 Introduction......Page 15
I. The Idea of Genocide......Page 18
II. The Place of “Groups” in the Crime of Genocide......Page 20
III. Genocide and International Harm......Page 23
IV. Prosecuting International Crimes......Page 25
V. Problems of Intent in the Rwandan Genocide: Some Examples......Page 29
VI. Summary of the Arguments Advanced in the Various Chapters......Page 31
Part A The Nature and Value of Groups......Page 35
2 Nominalism and the Constituents of Groups......Page 37
I. Ockham’s Nominalism......Page 38
II. Hobbes as a Super-Nominalist?......Page 41
III. An Account of the Constituents of Groups......Page 44
IV. Groups That Can Be Harmed......Page 47
V. Objections......Page 49
3 Identifying Groups in Genocide Cases......Page 54
I. The Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur......Page 56
II. A Conception of Group Identification......Page 60
III. Objections from William Schabas’s Perspective......Page 64
IV. Other Objections......Page 67
V. Some Proposed Changes in International Law......Page 70
Part B The Harm of Genocide......Page 73
4 Harm to a Group Itself......Page 75
I. The Legal Right to Life of Groups......Page 76
II. The Wrong of Genocide......Page 79
III. Arendt on Statelessness and Groups......Page 81
IV. Rights in Groups and Rights of Groups......Page 84
V. Objections......Page 88
5 Harms to Identity and Status of a Group’s Members......Page 92
I. The Holocaust as a Model of Understanding Genocide’s Harm......Page 93
II. Comparing the Harms of Persecution and Genocide......Page 96
III. Genocide and Social Death......Page 98
IV. Loss of Status and Identity......Page 102
V. Objections......Page 105
Part C Elements of Genocide......Page 109
6 Genocidal Acts: Destroying Groups in Whole or in Part......Page 111
I. The Act of Genocide......Page 113
II. Acts of Cultural Genocide......Page 116
III. The Acts of Ethnic Cleansing......Page 119
IV. An Account of Genocidal Acts......Page 122
V. Objections......Page 125
7 Collective and Individual Intent......Page 129
I. Varieties of Collective Intent......Page 131
II. Connecting Collective and Individual Intent......Page 135
III. Knowledge in the Mens Rea of Genocide......Page 139
IV. Revisions to the Mental Element of the Crime of Genocide......Page 142
V. Objections......Page 145
8 Motive and Destruction of a Group “As Such”......Page 151
I. Motive and Intent Distinguished......Page 152
II. What Does “As Such” Mean?......Page 157
III. Should Individual Motive Be an Element in the Collective Crime of Genocide?......Page 161
IV. Motives and Severity of Punishment......Page 163
Part D Responsibility for Genocide......Page 169
9 Complicity and the Rwandan Genocide......Page 171
I. Types of Legal Complicity......Page 172
II. Analyzing Some Difficult Cases......Page 177
III. A Theory of Legal Complicity......Page 181
IV. Complicity and Trials in Rwanda......Page 184
V. The Boundary between Legal and Moral Complicity......Page 188
10 Incitement to Genocide and the Rwanda Media Case......Page 194
I. The Facts of the Media Case......Page 195
II. The Jurisprudence of Incitement......Page 197
III. Incitement as an Inchoate Crime......Page 203
IV. Incitement and Superior Responsibility......Page 208
V. Incitement to Genocide through the Media......Page 211
11 Instigating, Planning, and Intending Genocide in Rwanda......Page 216
I. Types of Genocide and Culpability......Page 217
II. Two Forms of Instigation......Page 220
III. Lack of Planning and the Intent Elements in Genocide......Page 223
IV. The Akayesu Case before the ICTR......Page 227
V. Objections......Page 230
Part E Special Problems of Genocide......Page 235
12 Genocide and Humanitarian Intervention......Page 237
I. Problems in Humanitarian Intervention......Page 238
II. The Rwandan Genocide and Intervention......Page 242
III. Humanitarian Intervention to Stop Genocide: A Limited Defense......Page 248
IV. Objections......Page 252
13 Reconciliation, Criminal Trials, and Genocide......Page 256
I. Genocide Trials......Page 258
II. Justice, Truth, or Reconciliation......Page 262
III. Rethinking Reconciliation......Page 267
IV. Bystanders and Shared Responsibility......Page 272
V. The Gacaca Process in Rwanda......Page 278
VI. Taking Account of Complicity......Page 281
Bibliography......Page 285
Index......Page 293