Genetics: Analysis and Principles

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Preface
PART I: INTRODUCTION 1
	1 OVERVIEW OF GENETICS
		1.1 THE MOLECULAR EXPRESSION OF GENES
		1.2 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENES AND TRAITS
		1.3 FIELDS OF GENETICS
		1.4 THE SCIENCE OF GENETICS
PART II: PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE
	2 MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
		2.1 MENDEL'S STUDY OF PEA PLANTS
		2.2 LAW OF SEGREGATION
		2.3 LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
		2.4 STUDYING INHERITANCE PATTERNS IN HUMANS
		2.5 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
	3 CHROMOSOME TRANSMISSION DURING CELL DIVISION AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
		3.1 GENERAL FEATURES OF CHROMOSOMES
		3.2 CELL DIVISION
		3.3 MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS
		3.4 MEIOSIS
		3.5 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
		3.6 THE CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE AND SEX CHROMOSOMES
	4 EXTENSIONS OF MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
		4.1 OVERVIEW OF SIMPLE INHERITANCE PATTERNS
		4.2 DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE ALLELES
		4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON GENE EXPRESSION
		4.4 INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE, OVERDOMINANCE, AND CODOMINANCE
		4.5 GENES ON SEX CHROMOSOMES
		4.6 SEX- INFLUENCED AND SEX-LIMITED INHERITANCE
		4.7 LETHAL ALLELES
		4.8 UNDERSTANDING COMPLEX PHENOTYPES CAUSED BY MUTATIONS IN SINGLE GENES
		4.9 GENE INTERACTIONS
	5 NON- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
		5.1 MATERNAL EFFECT
		5.2 EPIGENETICS: DOSAGE COMPENSATION
		5.3 EPIGENETICS: GENOMIC IMPRINTING
		5.4 EXTRANUCLEAR INHERITANCE
	6 GENETIC LINKAGE AND MAPPING IN EUKARYOTES
		6.1 OVERVIEW OF LINKAGE
		6.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LINKAGE AND CROSSING OVER
		6.3 GENETIC MAPPING IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
		6.4 GENETIC MAPPING IN HAPLOID EUKARYOTES
		6.5 MITOTIC RECOMBINATION
	7 GENETIC TRANSFER AND MAPPING IN BACTERIA
		7.1 OVERVIEW OF GENETIC TRANSFER IN BACTERIA
		7.2 BACTERIAL CONJUGATION
		7.3 CONJUGATION AND MAPPING VIA HFR STRAINS
		7.4 BACTERIAL TRANSDUCTION
		7.5 BACTERIAL TRANSFORMATION
		7.6 MEDICAL RELEVANCE OF HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER
	8 VARIATION IN CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE AND NUMBER
		8.1 MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES
		8.2 CHANGES IN CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE: AN OVERVIEW
		8.3 DELETIONS AND DUPLICATIONS
		8.4 INVERSIONS AND TRANSLOCATIONS
		8.5 CHANGES IN CHROMOSOME NUMBER: AN OVERVIEW
		8.6 VARIATION IN THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES WITHIN A SET: ANEUPLOIDY
		8.7 VARIATION IN THE NUMBER OF SETS OF CHROMOSOMES
		8.8 NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MECHANISMS THAT PRODUCE VARIATION IN CHROMOSOME NUMBER
PART III: MOLECULAR STRUCTURE ANDREPLICATION OF THE GENETICMATERIAL
	9 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF DNA AND RNA
		9.1 IDENTIFICATION OF DNA AS THE GENETIC MATERIAL
		9.2 OVERVIEW OF DNA AND RNA STRUCTURE
		9.3 NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE
		9.4 STRUCTURE OF A DNA STRAND
		9.5 DISCOVERY OF THE DOUBLE HELIX
		9.6 STRUCTURE OF THE DNA DOUBLE HELIX
		9.7 RNA STRUCTURE
	10 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF CHROMOSOMES AND TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS
		10.1 ORGANIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL SITES ALONG BACTERIAL CHROMOSOMES
		10.2 STRUCTURE OF BACTERIAL CHROMOSOMES
		10.3 ORGANIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL SITES ALONG EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES
		10.4 SIZES OF EUKARYOTIC GENOMES AND REPETITIVE SEQUENCES
		10.5 TRANSPOSITION
		10.6 STRUCTURE OF EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES IN NONDIVIDING CELLS
		10.7 STRUCTURE OF EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES DURING CELL DIVISION
	11 DNA REPLICATION
		11.1 STRUCTURAL OVERVIEW OF DNA REPLICATION
		11.2 BACTERIAL DNA REPLICATION: THE FORMATION OF TWO REPLICATION FORKS AT THE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION
		11.3 BACTERIAL DNA REPLICATION: SYNTHESIS OF NEW DNA STRANDS
		11.4 BACTERIAL DNA REPLICATION: CHEMISTRY AND ACCURACY
		11.5 EUKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION
PART IV: MOLECULAR PROPERTIESOF GENES
	12 GENE TRANSCRIPTION AND RNA MODIFICATION
		12.1 OVERVIEW OF TRANSCRIPTION
		12.2 TRANSCRIPTION IN BACTERIA
		12.3 TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES
		12.4 RNA MODIFICATION
		12.5 A COMPARISON OF TRANSCRIPTION AND RNA MODIFICATION IN BACTERIA AND EUKARYOTES
	13 TRANSLATION OF mRNA
		13.1 THE GENETIC BASIS FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
		13.2 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE GENETIC CODE AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
		13.3 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE GENETIC CODE
		13.4 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF tRNA
		13.5 RIBOSOME STRUCTURE AND ASSEMBLY
		13.6 STAGES OF TRANSLATION
	14 GENE REGULATION IN BACTERIA
		14.1 OVERVIEW OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION
		14.2 REGULATION OF THE OPERON
		14.3 REGULATION OF THE OPERON
		14.4 TRANSLATIONAL AND POSTTRANSLATIONAL REGULATION
		14.5 RIBOSWITCHES
	15 GENE REGULATION INEUKARYOTES I:TRANSCRIPTIONAL ANDTRANSLATIONAL REGULATION
		15.1 REGULATORY TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
		15.2 CHROMATIN REMODELING,HISTONE VARIANTS, ANDHISTONE MODIFICATIONS
		15.3 DNA METHYLATION
		15.4 THE ENCODE PROJECT
		15.5 REGULATION OFTRANSLATION
	16 GENE REGULATION INEUKARYOTES II: EPIGENETICS
		16.1 OVERVIEW OF EPIGENETICS
		16.2 HETEROCHROMATIN: FUNCTION, STRUCTURE,FORMATION, ANDMAINTENANCE
		16.3 EPIGENETICS AND DEVELOPMENT
		16.4 PARAMUTATION
		16.5 EPIGENETICS ANDENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS
	17 NON- CODING RNAs
		17.1 OVERVIEW OF NON- CODING RNAs
		17.2 NON- CODING RNAs: EFFECTS ON CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND TRANSCRIPTION
		17.3 NON- CODING RNAs: EFFECTS ON TRANSLATION, mRNA DEGRADATION, AND RNA MODIFICATIONS
		17.4 NON- CODING RNAs AND PROTEIN TARGETING
		17.5 NON- CODING RNAs AND GENOME DEFENSE
		17.6 ROLE OF NON- CODING RNAs IN HUMAN DISEASES
	18 GENETICS OF VIRUSES
		18.1 VIRUS STRUCTURE AND GENETIC COMPOSITION
		18.2 OVERVIEW OF VIRAL REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES
		18.3 BACTERIOPHAGE . REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES
		18.4 HIV REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
	19 GENE MUTATION, DNA REPAIR,AND RECOMBINATION
		19.1 EFFECTS OF MUTATIONS ON GENE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
		19.2 RANDOM NATURE OF MUTATIONS
		19.3 SPONTANEOUS MUTATIONS
		19.4 INDUCED MUTATIONS
		19.5 DNA REPAIR
		19.6 HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION
PART V: GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES
	20 MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES
		20.1 GENE CLONING USING VECTORS
		20.2 POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
		20.3 DNA SEQUENCING
		20.4 GENE EDITING
		20.5 BLOTTING METHODS TO DETECT GENE PRODUCTS
		20.6 METHODS FOR ANALYZING DNA- AND RNA- BINDING PROTEINS
	21 BIOTECHNOLOGY
		21.1 USES OF MICROORGANISMS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
		21.2 GENETICALLY MODIFIED ANIMALS
		21.3 REPRODUCTIVE CLONING AND STEM CELLS
		21.4 GENETICALLY MODIFIED PLANTS
	22 GENOMICS I: ANALYSIS OF DNA
		22.1 OVERVIEW OF CHROMOSOME MAPPING
		22.2 CYTOGENETIC MAPPING VIA MICROSCOPY
		22.3 LINKAGE MAPPING VIA CROSSES
		22.4 PHYSICAL MAPPING VIA CLONING AND DNA SEQUENCING
		22.5 GENOME- SEQUENCING PROJECTS
		22.6 METAGENOMICS
	23 GENOMICS II: FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS,AND BIOINFORMATICS
		23.1 FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS
		23.2 PROTEOMICS
		23.3 BIOINFORMATICS
PART VI: GENETIC ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUALS AND POPULATIONS
	24 MEDICAL GENETICS
		24.1 INHERITANCE PATTERNS OF GENETIC DISEASES
		24.2 DETECTION OF DISEASE-CAUSING ALLELES VIA HAPLOTYPES
		24.3 GENETIC TESTING AND SCREENING
		24.4 PRIONS
		24.5 HUMAN GENE THERAPY
		24.6 PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
	25 GENETIC BASIS OF CANCER
		25.1 OVERVIEW OF CANCER
		25.2 ONCOGENES
		25.3 TUMOR- SUPPRESSOR GENES
		25.4 ROLE OF EPIGENETICS IN CANCER
	26 DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS
		26.1 OVERVIEW OF ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT
		26.2 INVERTEBRATE DEVELOPMENT
		26.3 VERTEBRATE DEVELOPMENT
		26.4 PLANT DEVELOPMENT
		26.5 SEX DETERMINATION IN ANIMALS
	27 POPULATION GENETICS
		27.1 GENES IN POPULATIONS AND THE HARDY- WEINBERG EQUATION
		27.2 OVERVIEW OF MICROEVOLUTION
		27.3 NATURAL SELECTION
		27.4 GENETIC DRIFT
		27.5 MIGRATION
		27.6 NONRANDOM MATING
		27.7 SOURCES OF NEW GENETIC VARIATION
	28 COMPLEX AND QUANTITATIVE TRAITS
		28.1 OVERVIEW OF COMPLEX AND QUANTITATIVE TRAITS
		28.2 STATISTICAL METHODS FOR EVALUATING QUANTITATIVE TRAITS
		28.3 POLYGENIC INHERITANCE
		28.4 IDENTIFICATION OF GENES THAT CONTROL QUANTITATIVE TRAITS
		28.5 HERITABILITY
		28.6 SELECTIVE BREEDING
	29 EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS
		29.1 ORIGIN OF SPECIES
		29.2 PHYLOGENETIC TREES
		29.3 MOLECULAR EVOLUTION
Appendix A: Experimental Techniques
Appendix B: Solutions to Even-Numbered Problems and All Comprehension and ConceptCheck Questions
Glossary