Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 4th Edition

Cover Page
Copyright Page
Title Page
Dedication Page
Contents in Brief
Contents
Letter from the Author
Preface
	Hallmark Features
	New to the Fourth Edition
	Media and Supplements
		Instructor Resources
		Student Resources
	Acknowledgments
1.  Introduction to Genetics
	ALBINISM IN THE HOPIS
		1.1: Genetics Is Important to Us Individually, to Society, and to the Study of Biology
			The Role of Genetics in Biology
			Genetic Diversity and Evolution
			Divisions of Genetics
			Model Genetic Organisms
		1.2: Humans Have Been Using Genetics for Thousands of Years
			The Early Use and Understanding of Heredity
			The Rise of the Science of Genetics
			The Future of Genetics
		1.3: A Few Fundamental Concepts Are Important for the Start of Our Journey into Genetics
2. Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction
	THE BLIND MEN’S RIDDLE
		2.1: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Differ in a Number of Genetic Characteristics
		2.2: Cell Reproduction Requires the Copying of the Genetic Material, Separation of the Copies, and Cell Division
			Prokaryotic Cell Reproduction
			Eukaryotic Cell Reproduction
			The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
			Genetic Consequences of the Cell Cycle
				Connecting Concepts: Counting Chromosomes and DNA Molecules
		2.3: Sexual Reproduction Produces Genetic Variation Through the Process of Meiosis
			Meiosis
			Sources of Genetic Variation in Meiosis
				CONNECTING CONCEPTS: Mitosis and Meiosis Compared
			The Separation of Sister Chromatids and Homologous Chromosomes
			Meiosis in the Life Cycles of Animals and Plants
3. Basic Principles of Heredity
	THE GENETICS OF RED HAIR
		3.1: Gregor Mendel Discovered the Basic Principles of Heredity
			Mendel’s Success
			Genetic Terminology
		3.2: Monohybrid Crosses Reveal the Principle of Segregation and the Concept of Dominance
			What Monohybrid Crosses Reveal
				CONNECTING CONCEPTS: Relating Genetic Crosses to Meiosis
			Predicting the Outcomes of Genetic Crosses
			The Testcross
			Genetic Symbols
				CONNECTING CONCEPTS: Ratios in Simple Crosses
		3.3: Dihybrid Crosses Reveal the Principle of Independent Assortment
			Dihybrid Crosses
			The Principle of Independent Assortment
			Relating the Principle of Independent Assortment to Meiosis
			Applying Probability and the Branch Diagram to Dihybrid Crosses
			The Dihybrid Testcross
		3.4: Observed Ratios of Progeny May Deviate from Expected Ratios by Chance
			The Goodness-of-Fit Chi-Square Test
4. Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Characteristics
	THE STRANGE CASE OF PLATYPUS SEX
		4.1: Sex Is Determined by a Number of Different Mechanisms
			Chromosomal Sex-Determining Systems
			Genic Sex Determination
			Environmental Sex Determination
			Sex Determination in Drosophila melanogaster
			Sex Determination in Humans
		4.2: Sex-Linked Characteristics Are Determined by Genes on the Sex Chromosomes
			X-Linked White Eyes in Drosophila
			Nondisjunction and the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
			X-Linked Color Blindness in Humans
			Symbols for X-Linked Genes
			Z-Linked Characteristics
			Y-Linked Characteristics
				CONNECTING CONCEPTS: Recognizing Sex-Linked Inheritance
		4.3: Dosage Compensation Equalizes the Amount of Protein Produced by X-Linked Genes in Males and Females
			Lyon Hypothesis
			Mechanism of Random X Inactivation
			Dosage Imbalance Between X-Linked Genesand Autosomal Genes
5. Extensions and Modifications of Basic Principles
	CUÉNOT’S ODD YELLOW MICE
		5.1: Additional Factors at a Single Locus Can Affect the Results of Genetic Crosses
			Types of Dominance
			Penetrance and Expressivity
			Lethal Alleles
			Multiple Alleles
		5.2: Gene Interaction Takes Place When Genes at Multiple Loci Determine a Single Phenotype
			Gene Interaction That Produces Novel Phenotypes
			Gene Interaction with Epistasis
				CONNECTING CONCEPTS: Interpreting Ratios Produced by Gene Interaction
			Complementation: Determining Whether Mutations Are at the Same Locus or at Different Loci
			The Complex Genetics of Coat Color in Dogs
		5.3: Sex Influences the Inheritance and Expression of Genes in a Variety of  Ways
			Sex-Influenced and Sex-Limited Characteristics
			Genetic Maternal Effect
			Genomic Imprinting
		5.4: Anticipation Is the Stronger or Earlier Expression of Traits in Succeeding Generations
		5.5: The Expression of a Genotype May Be Affected by Environmental Effects
			Environmental Effects on the Phenotype
			The Inheritance of Continuous Characteristics
6. Pedigree Analysis,  Applications, and Genetic Testing
	HUTCHINSON–GILFORD SYNDROME AND THE SECRET OF AGING
		6.1: The Study of Genetics in Humans Is Constrained by Special Features of  Human Biology and Culture
		6.2: Geneticists Often Use Pedigrees to Study the Inheritance of Characteristics in Humans
			Symbols Used in Pedigrees
			Analysis of Pedigrees
			Autosomal Recessive Traits
			Autosomal Dominant Traits
			X-Linked Recessive Traits
			X-Linked Dominant Traits
			Y-Linked Traits
		6.3: Studying Twins and Adoptions Can Help Assess the Importance of Genes and Environment
			Types of Twins
			Concordance in Twins
			A Twin Study of Asthma
			Adoption Studies
		6.4: Genetic Counseling and Genetic Testing Provide Information to Those Concerned about Genetic Diseases and Traits
			Genetic Counseling
			Genetic Testing
			Interpreting Genetic Tests
			Direct-To-Consumer Genetic Testing
			Genetic Discrimination and Privacy
		6.5: Comparison of Human and Chimpanzee Genomes Is Helping to Reveal Genes That Make Humans Unique
7. Linkage, Recombination, and Eukaryotic Gene Mapping
	LINKED GENES AND BALD HEADS
		7.1: Linked Genes Do Not Assort Independently
		7.2: Linked Genes Segregate Together and Crossing Over Produces Recombination Between Them
			Notation for Crosses with Linkage
			Complete Linkage Compared with Independent Assortment
			Crossing Over with Linked Genes
			Calculating Recombination Frequency
			Coupling and Repulsion
				CONNECTING CONCEPTS: Relating Independent Assortment, Linkage, and Crossing Over
			Evidence for the Physical Basis of Recombination
			Predicting the Outcomes of Crosses with Linked Genes
			Testing for Independent Assortment
			Gene Mapping with Recombination Frequencies
			Constructing a Genetic Map with the Use of Two-Point Testcrosses
		7.3: A Three-Point Testcross Can Be Used to Map Three Linked Genes
			Constructing a Genetic Map with the Three-Point Testcross
				CONNECTING CONCEPTS: Stepping Through the Three-Point Cross
			Effect of Multiple Crossovers
			Mapping Human Genes
			Mapping with Molecular Markers
			Locating Genes with Genome wide Association Studies
		7.4: Physical-Mapping Methods Are Used to Determine the Physical Positions of Genes on 
Particular Chromosomes
			Deletion Mapping
			Somatic-Cell Hybridization
			Physical Chromosome Mapping Through Molecular Analysis
		7.5: Recombination Rates Exhibit Extensive Variation
8. Bacterial and Viral Genetic Systems
	LIFE IN A BACTERIAL WORLD
		8.1: Genetic Analysis of Bacteria Requires Special Methods
			Bacterial Diversity
			Techniques for the Study of Bacteria
			The Bacterial Genome
			Plasmids
		8.2: Bacteria Exchange Genes Through Conjugation, Transformation, and Transduction
			Conjugation
			Natural Gene Transferand Antibiotic Resistance
			Transformation in Bacteria
			Bacterial Genome Sequences
			Horizontal Gene Transfer
		8.3: Viruses Are Simple Replicating Systems Amenable to Genetic Analysis
			Techniques for the Study of Bacteriophages
			Transduction: Using Phages to Map Bacterial Genes
				CONNECTING CONCEPTS: Three Methods for Mapping Bacterial Genes
			Gene Mapping in Phages
			Fine-Structure Analysis of Bacteriophage Genes
			RNA Viruses
			Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS
			Influenza Virus
9. Chromosome Variation
	TRISOMY 21 AND THE DOWN-SYNDROMECRITICAL REGION
		9.1: Chromosome Mutations Include Rearrangements, Aneuploids, and Polyploids
			Chromosome Morphology
			Types of Chromosome Mutations
		9.2: Chromosome Rearrangements Alter Chromosome Structure
			Duplications
			Deletions
			Inversions
			Translocations
			Fragile Sites
			Copy-Number Variations
		9.3: Aneuploidy Is an Increase or Decrease in the Number of Individual Chromosomes
			Types of Aneuploidy
			Effects of Aneuploidy
			Aneuploidy in Humans
			Uniparental Disomy
			Mosaicism
		9.4: Polyploidy Is the Presence of More Than Two Sets of Chromosomes
			Autopolyploidy
			Allopolyploidy
			The Significance of Polyploidy
		9.5: Chromosome Variation Plays an Important Role in Evolution
10. DNA: The Chemical Nature of the Gene
	NEANDERTHAL’S DNA
		10.1: Genetic Material Possesses Several Key Characteristics
		10.2: All Genetic Information Is Encoded in the Structure of DNA or RNA
			Early Studies of DNA
			DNA As the Source of Genetic Information
			Watson and Crick’s Discovery of the Three-Dimensional Structure of DNA
			RNA As Genetic Material
		10.3: DNA Consists of Two Complementary and Antiparallel Nucleotide Strands That Form a Double Helix
			The Primary Structure of DNA
			Secondary Structures of DNA
				CONNECTING CONCEPTS: Genetic Implications of DNA Structure
		10.4: Special Structures Can Form in DNA and RNA
11. Chromosome Structure and Transposable Elements
	JUMPING GENES IN ELONGATED TOMATOES
		11.1: Large Amounts of DNA Are Packed into a Cell
			Supercoiling
			The Bacterial Chromosome
			Eukaryotic Chromosomes
			Changes in Chromatin Structure
		11.2: Eukaryotic Chromosomes Possess Centromeres and Telomeres
			Centromere Structure
			Telomere Structure
			Artificial Chromosomes
		11.3: Eukaryotic DNA Contains Several Classes of Sequence Variation
			The Denaturation and Renaturation of DNA
			Types of DNA Sequences in Eukaryotes
		11.4: Transposable Elements Are DNA Sequences Capable of Moving
			General Characteristics of Transposable Elements
			Transposition
			The Mutagenic Effects of Transposition
			The Regulation of Transposition
		11.5: Different Types of Transposable Elements Have Characteristic Structures
			Transposable Elements in Bacteria
			Transposable Elements in Eukaryotes
				CONNECTING CONCEPTS: Classes of Transposable Elements
		11.6 :Transposable Elements Have Played an Important Role in Genome Evolution
			The Evolution of Transposable Elements
			Domestication of Transposable Elements
12. DNA Replication and Recombination
	TOPOISOMERASE, REPLICATION, AND CANCER
		12.1: Genetic Information Must Be Accurately Copied Every Time a Cell Divides
		12.2: All DNA Replication Takes Place in a Semiconservative Manner
			Meselson and Stahl’s Experiment
			Modes of Replication
			Requirements of Replication
			Direction of Replication
				CONNECTING CONCEPTS: The Direction of Replication in Different Models of Replication
		12.3: Bacterial Replication Requires a Large Number of Enzymes and Proteins
			Initiation
			Unwinding
			Elongation
			Termination
			The Fidelity of DNA Replication
				CONNECTING CONCEPTS: The Basic Rules of Replication
		12.4: Eukaryotic DNA Replication Is Similar to Bacterial Replication but Differs in Several Aspects
			Eukaryotic Origins
			The Licensing of DNA Replication
			Unwinding
			Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases
			Nucleosome Assembly
			The Location of Replication Within the Nucleus
			DNA Synthesis and the Cell Cycle
			Replication at the Ends of Chromosomes
			Replication in Archaea
		12.5: Recombination Takes Place Through the Breakage, Alignment, and Repair of DNA Strands
			Models of Recombination
			Enzymes Required for Recombination
			Gene Conversion
13. Transcription
	DEATH CAP POISONING
		13.1: RNA, Consisting of a Single Strand of Ribonucleotides, Participates in a Variety of Cellular Functions
			An Early RNA World
			The Structure of RNA
			Classes of RNA
		13.2: Transcription Is the Synthesis of an RNA Molecule from a DNA Template
			The Template
			The Substrate for Transcription
			The Transcription Apparatus
		13.3: The Process of Bacterial Transcription Consists of Initiation, Elongation, and Termination
			Initiation
			Elongation
			Termination
				CONNECTING CONCEPTS: The Basic Rules of Transcription
		13.4: Eukaryotic Transcription Is Similar to Bacterial Transcription but Has Some Important Differences
			Transcription and Nucleosome Structure
			Promoters
			Initiation
			Elongation
			Termination
		13.5: Transcription in Archaea Is More Similar to Transcription in Eukaryotes than to Transcription in Eubacteria
14. RNA Molecules and RNA Processing
	SEX THROUGH SPLICING
		14.1: Many Genes Have Complex Structures
			Gene Organization
			Introns
			The Concept of the Gene Revisited
		14.2: Messenger RNAs, Which Encode the Amino Acid Sequences of Proteins, Are Modified after Transcription in Eukaryotes
			The Structure of Messenger RNA
			Pre-mRNA Processing
			The Addition of the 5′ Cap
			The Addition of the Poly(A) Tail
			RNA Splicing
			Alternative Processing Pathways
			RNA Editing
				Connecting Concepts: Eukaryotic Gene Structure and Pre-mRNA Processing
		14.3: Transfer RNAs, Which Attach to Amino Acids, Are Modified after Transcription in Bacterial and Eukaryotic Cells
			The Structure of Transfer RNA
			Transfer RNA Gene Structure and Processing
		14.4: Ribosomal RNA, a Component of the Ribosome, Also Is Processed after Transcription
			The Structure of the Ribosome
			Ribosomal RNA Gene Structure and Processing
		14.5: Small RNA Molecules Participate in a Variety of Functions
			RNA Interference
			Types of Small RNAs
			Processing and Function of MicroRNAs
15. The Genetic Code and  Translation
	HUTTERITES, RIBOSOMES, AND BOWEN–CONRADISYNDROME
		15.1: Many Genes Encode Proteins
			The One Gene, One Enzyme Hypothesis
			The Structure and Function of Proteins
		15.2:  The Genetic Code Determines How the Nucleotide Sequence Specifies the Amino Acid Sequence of a Protein
			Breaking the Genetic Code
			The Degeneracy of the Code
			The Reading Frame and Initiation Codons
			Termination Codons
			The Universality of the Code
				Connecting Concepts: Characteristics of the Genetic Code
		15.3: Amino Acids Are Assembled into a Protein Through the Mechanism of Translation
			The Binding of Amino Acids to Transfer RNAs
			The Initiation of Translation
			Elongation
			Termination
				Connecting Concepts: A Comparison of Bacterial and Eukaryotic Translation
		15.4: Additional Properties of RNA and Ribosomes Affect Protein Synthesis
			The Three-Dimensional Structure of the Ribosome
			Polyribosomes
			Messenger RNA Surveillance
			The Posttranslational Modifications of Proteins
			Translation and Antibiotics
			Nonstandard Protein Synthesis
16.  Control of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
	STRESS, SEX, AND GENE REGULATION IN BACTERIA
		16.1: The Regulation of Gene Expression Is Critical 
for All Organisms
			Genes and Regulatory Elements
			Levels of Gene Regulation
			DNA-Binding Proteins
		16.2: Operons Control Transcription in Bacterial Cells
			Operon Structure
			Negative and Positive Control: Inducible and Repressible Operons
			The lac Operon of E. coli
			lac Mutations
			Positive Control and Catabolite Repression
			The trp Operon of E.coli
		16.3: Some Operons Regulate Transcription Through Attenuation, the Premature Termination of Transcription
			Attenuation in the trp Operon of E. coli
			Why Does Attenuation Take Place in the trp Operon?
		16.4: RNA Molecules Control the Expression of Some Bacterial Genes
			Antisense RNA
			Riboswitches
			Riboswitches That Function As Ribozymes
17. Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
	HOW A PARASITE CHANGES ITS SPOTS
		17.1: Eukaryotic Cells and Bacteria Have Many Features  of Gene Regulation in Common, but They Differ in Several Important Ways
		17.2:  Changes in Chromatin Structure Affect the Expression of Genes
			DNase I Hypersensitivity
			Histone Modification
			Chromatin Remodeling
			DNA Methylation
		17.3: Epigenetic Effects Often Result from Alterations in Chromatin Structure
			Epigenetic Effects
			Molecular Mechanisms of Epigenetic Changes
			The Epigenome
		17.4: The Initiation of Transcription Is Regulated by Transcription Factors and Transcriptional 
Regulator Proteins
			Transcriptional Activators and Coactivators
			Transcriptional Repressors
			Enhancers and Insulators
			Regulation of Transcriptional Stalling and Elongation
			Coordinated Gene Regulation
		17.5 Some Genes Are Regulated by RNA Processing and Degradation
			Gene Regulation Through RNA Splicing
			The Degradation of RNA
		17.6: RNA Interference Is an Important Mechanism 
of Gene Regulation
			Small Interfering RNAs and MicroRNAs
			Mechanisms of Gene Regulation by RNA Interference
			The Control of Development by RNA Interference
		17.7: Some Genes Are Regulated by Processes  That Affect Translation or by Modifications of Proteins
			Connecting Concepts: A Comparison of Bacterial and Eukaryotic Gene Control
18. Gene Mutations and  DNA Repair
	A FLY WITHOUT A HEART
		18.1: Mutations Are Inherited Alterations in the 
DNA Sequence
			The Importance of Mutations
			Categories of Mutations
			Types of Gene Mutations
			Phenotypic Effects of Mutations
			Suppressor Mutations
			Mutation Rates
		18.2: Mutations Are Potentially Caused by a Number 
of Different Natural and Unnatural Factors
			Spontaneous Replication Errors
			Spontaneous Chemical Changes
			Chemically Induced Mutations
			Radiation
		18.3: Mutations Are the Focus of Intense Study by Geneticists
			Detecting Mutations with the Ames Test
			Radiation Exposure in Humans
		18.4: A Number of Pathways Repair Changes in DNA
			Mismatch Repair
			Direct Repair
			Base-Excision Repair
			Nucleotide-Excision Repair
				Connecting Concepts: The Basic Pathway of DNA Repair
			Repair of Double-Strand Breaks
			Translesion DNA Polymerases
			Genetic Diseases and Faulty DNA Repair
19. Molecular Genetic Analysis and Biotechnology
	HELPING THE BLIND TO SEE
		19.1: Techniques of Molecular Genetics Have Revolutionized Biology
			The Molecular Genetics Revolution
			Working at the Molecular Level
		19.2: Molecular Techniques Are Used to Isolate, Recombine, and Amplify Genes
			Cutting and Joining DNA Fragments
			Viewing DNA Fragments
			Locating DNA Fragments with Southern Blotting and Probes
			Cloning Genes
			Amplifying DNA Fragments with the Polymerase Chain Reaction
			Application: The Genetic Engineering of Plants with Pesticides
		19.3: Molecular Techniques Can Be Used to Find Genes of Interest
			Gene Libraries
			In Situ Hybridization
			Positional Cloning
			In Silico Gene Discovery
			Application: Isolating the Gene for Cystic Fibrosis
		19.4: DNA Sequences Can Be Determined 
and Analyzed
			Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms
			DNA Sequencing
			Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies
			DNA Fingerprinting
			Application: Identifying People Who Died in the Collapse of the World Trade Center
		19.5: Molecular Techniques Are Increasingly Used to Analyze Gene Function
			Forward and Reverse Genetics
			Creating Random Mutations
			Site-Directed Mutagensis
			Transgenic Animals
			Knockout Mice
			Silencing Genes with RNAi
			Application: Using RNAi for the Treatment of Human Disease
		19.6: Biotechnology Harnesses the Power 
of Molecular Genetics
			Pharmaceutical Products
			Specialized Bacteria
			Agricultural Products
			Genetic Testing
			Gene Therapy
20. Genomics and Proteomics
	DECODING THE WAGGLE DANCE: THE GENOME OF THE HONEYBEE
		20.1: Structural Genomics Determines the DNA 
Sequences of Entire Genomes
			Genetic Maps
			Physical Maps
			Sequencing an Entire Genome
			The Human Genome Project
			Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms
			Copy-Number Variations
			Expressed-Sequence Tags
			Bioinformatics
			Metagenomics
			Synthetic Biology
		20.2: Functional Genomics Determines the Function 
of Genes by Using Genomic-Based Approaches
			Predicting Function from Sequence
			Gene Expression and Microarrays
			Gene Expression and Reporter Sequences
			Genomewide Mutagenesis
		20.3: Comparative Genomics Studies How Genomes Evolve
			Prokaryotic Genomes
			Eukaryotic Genomes
			Comparative Drosophila Genomics
			The Human Genome
		20.4: Proteomics Analyzes the Complete Set of Proteins Found in a Cell
			Determination of Cellular Proteins
			Affinity Capture
			Protein Microarrays
			Structural Proteomics
21. Organelle DNA
	THE DONKEY: A WILD ASS OR A HALF ASS?
		21.1: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Are Eukaryotic Cytoplasmic Organelles
			Mitochondrion and Chloroplast Structure
			The Genetics of Organelle-Encoded Traits
			The Endosymbiotic Theory
		21.2: Mitochondrial DNA Varies Widely in Size and Organization
			The Gene Structure and Organization of Mitochondrial DNA
			Nonuniversal Codons in Mitochondrial DNA
			The Replication, Transcription, and Translation of Mitochondrial DNA
			The Evolution of Mitochondrial DNA
			Mitochondrial DNA Variation and Human History
		21.3: Chloroplast DNA Exhibits Many Properties of Eubacterial DNA
			The Gene Structure and Organization of Chloroplast DNA
			The Replication, Transcription, and Translation of Chloroplast DNA
			The Evolution of Chloroplast DNA
			Connecting Concepts: Genome Comparisons
		21.4: Through Evolutionary Time, Genetic Information Has Moved Between Nuclear, Mitochondrial, and Chloroplast Genomes
		21.5: Damage to Mitochondrial DNA Is Associated with Aging
22. Developmental Genetics and  Immunogenetics
	HOW A CAVEFISH LOST ITS EYES
		22.1: Development Takes Place Through Cell Determination
			Cloning Experiments on Plants
			Cloning Experiments on Animals
		22.2: Pattern Formation in Drosophila Serves As a Model 
for the Genetic Control of Development
			The Development of the Fruit Fly
			Egg-Polarity Genes
			Segmentation Genes
			Homeotic Genes in Drosophila
			Homeobox Genes in Other Organisms
				Connecting Concepts: The Control of Development
			Epigenetic Changes in Development
		22.3: Genes Control the Development of Flowers in Plants
			Flower Anatomy
			Genetic Control of Flower Development
		22.4: Programmed Cell Death Is an Integral Part of Development
		22.5: The Study of Development Reveals Patterns and Processes of Evolution
		22.6: The Development of Immunity Is Through Genetic Rearrangement
			The Organization of the Immune System
			Immunoglobulin Structure
			The Generation of Antibody Diversity
			T-Cell-Receptor Diversity
			Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes
			Genes and Organ Transplants
23. Cancer Genetics
	PALLADIN AND THE SPREAD OF CANCER
		23.1: Cancer Is a Group of Diseases Characterized by Cell Proliferation
			Tumor Formation
			Cancer As a Genetic Disease
			The Role of Environmental Factors in Cancer
		23.2: Mutations in a Number of Different Types 
of Genes Contribute to Cancer
			Oncogenes and Tumor-Suppressor Genes
			Genes That Control the Cycle of Cell Division
			DNA-Repair Genes
			Genes That Regulate Telomerase
			Genes That Promote Vascularization and the Spread of Tumors
			MicroRNAs and Cancer
			The Cancer Genome Project
		23.3: Changes in Chromosome Number and Structure Are Often Associated with Cancer
		23.4: Viruses Are Associated with Some Cancers
		23.5: Epigenetic Changes Are Often Associated 
with Cancer
		23.6:
 Colorectal Cancer Arises Through the Sequential Mutation of a Number of Genes
24. Quantitative Genetics
	CORN OIL AND QUANTITATIVE GENETICS
		24.1: Quantitative Characteristics Vary Continuously and Many Are Influenced by Alleles at Multiple Loci
			The Relation Between Genotype and Phenotype
			Types of Quantitative Characteristics
			Polygenic Inheritance
			Kernel Color in Wheat
			Determining Gene Number for a Polygenic Characteristic
		24.2: Statistical Methods Are Required for Analyzing Quantitative Characteristics
			Distributions
			Samples and Populations
			The Mean
			The Variance and Standard Deviation
			Correlation
			Regression
			Applying Statistics to the Study of a Polygenic Characteristic
		24.3: Heritability Is Used to Estimate the Proportion of Variation in a Trait That Is Genetic
			Phenotypic Variance
			Types of Heritability
			Calculating Heritability
			The Limitations of Heritability
			Locating Genes That Affect Quantitative Characteristics
		24.4: Genetically Variable Traits Change in Response to Selection
			Predicting the Response to Selection
			Limits to Selection Response
			Correlated Responses
25. Population Genetics
	GENETIC RESCUE OF BIGHORN SHEEP
		25.1: Genotypic and Allelic Frequencies Are Used to Describe the Gene Pool of a Population
			Calculating Genotypic Frequencies
			Calculating Allelic Frequencies
		25.2: The Hardy–Weinberg Law Describes the Effect of Reproduction on Genotypic and Allelic Frequencies
			Genotypic Frequencies at Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium
			Closer Examination of the Assumptions of the Hardy–Weinberg Law
			Implications of the Hardy–Weinberg Law
			Extensions of the Hardy–Weinberg Law
			Testing for Hardy–Weinberg Proportions
			Estimating Allelic Frequencies with the Hardy–Weinberg Law
		25.3: Nonrandom Mating Affects the Genotypic Frequencies of a Population
		25.4: Several Evolutionary Forces Potentially Cause Changes in Allelic Frequencies
			Mutation
			Migration
			Genetic Drift
			Natural Selection
			Connecting Concepts: The General Effects of Forces That Change Allelic Frequencies
26.  Evolutionary Genetics
	TASTER GENES IN SPITTING APES
		26.1: Organisms Evolve Through Genetic Change Taking Place Within Populations
		26.2: Many Natural Populations Contain High Levels of Genetic Variation
			Molecular Variation
			Protein Variation
			DNA Sequence Variation
		26.3: New Species Arise Through the Evolution of Reproductive Isolation
			The Biological Species Concept
			Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
			Modes of Speciation
			Genetic Differentiation Associated with Speciation
		26.4: The Evolutionary History of a Group of Organisms Can Be Reconstructed by Studying Changes in 
Homologous Characteristics
			The Alignment of Homologous Sequences
			The Construction of Phylogenetic Trees
		26.5: Patterns of Evolution Are Revealed by Changes at the Molecular Level
			Rates of Molecular Evolution
			The Molecular Clock
			Genome Evolution
Reference Guide to Model Genetic Organisms
	The Fruit Fly Drosophilia melanogaster
	The Bacterium Escherichia coli
	The Nematode Worm Caenorhabditis elegans
	The Plant Arabidopsis thaliana
	The Mouse Mus musculus
	The Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Glossary
Answers to Selected Questions and Problems
	Chapter 1
	Chapter 2
	Chapter 3
	Chapter 4
	Chapter 5
	Chapter 6
	Chapter 7
	Chapter 8
	Chapter 9
	Chapter 10
	Chapter 11
	Chapter 12
	Chapter 13
	Chapter 14
	Chapter 15
	Chapter 16
	Chapter 17
	Chapter 18
	Chapter 19
	Chapter 20
	Chapter 21
	Chapter 22
	Chapter 23
	Chapter 24
	Chapter 25
	Chapter 26
Index