Genes, Women, Equality

Contents......Page 16
The Background......Page 22
The Book......Page 27
1. A Feminist Standpoint for Genetics......Page 34
Standpoint and Standpoint Theory......Page 35
Feminist Standpoint Theory and Its Extension to Individuals......Page 41
A Feminist Standpoint in Genetics: The Case of Maternal PKU......Page 44
2. Women in Genetics Research......Page 52
Women in Human Genome Research......Page 53
Do Women Conduct Research in Genetics Differently from Men?......Page 56
Women as Research Subjects in Genetics......Page 60
Efforts to Include Women in Research......Page 63
3. Women in Clinical Genetics......Page 70
Gender Differences in Reproductive Genetics......Page 71
Psychosocial Implications of Genetic Testing for Women......Page 74
Genetic Counseling and Women......Page 77
Nondirectiveness versus Directiveness......Page 80
4. Gender Justice in Genetics......Page 90
Justice in General, Gender Justice in Particular......Page 91
Theories of Justice and Feminism......Page 97
Which Theory of Justice, Which Version of Feminism?......Page 100
5. Allocation of Genetic Services and the Feminization or Poverty......Page 108
Unjust Overdistribution......Page 109
Distributing the Same to Each......Page 110
Underdistribution of Resources......Page 111
Abortion and the Poor......Page 116
Poverty, Race, and \"Passive Eugenics\"......Page 118
Cases Involving Allocation of Genetic Services......Page 120
6. Ethnicity, Cultural Differences, and Sex Selection......Page 126
Ethnicity and Culture as Related Variables......Page 127
Culturally-Defined Gender Differences and Challenges......Page 129
Respect for Autonomy versus Respect for Cultural Differences......Page 133
Sex Selection from an Egalitarian Feminist Standpoint......Page 136
7. Genetic versus Gestational Ties to Children......Page 148
Distinguishing between Genetics and Gestation......Page 149
Gender Differences in Attitudes toward the Genetic Tie......Page 151
Why Gestation?......Page 157
Why Genetics?......Page 158
Counseling Considerations......Page 159
8. Disabilities, Feminism, and Caregiving......Page 164
Feminism and Advocacy for Those Who Are Disabled......Page 165
Different Versions of Feminism......Page 166
Reproductive Rights and the Moral Status of the Fetus......Page 168
The Compatibility Question......Page 169
Caring for People with Disabilities......Page 172
Note and Notation for Chapters 9, 10, and 11......Page 182
9. Cystic Fibrosis and Misattributed Paternity......Page 184
Gender Differences in the Impact of Cystic Fibrosis......Page 185
A Case and a Pedigree......Page 186
Attitudes of Geneticists and Genetic Counselors on Misattributed Paternity......Page 188
Arguments For and Against Disclosure of Misattributed Paternity......Page 190
10. Sickle Cell Disease and Carrier Testing......Page 200
Gender Differences in the Impact of Sickle Cell Disease......Page 201
The History of Sickle Cell Disease......Page 203
A Case and a Pedigree......Page 205
Prenatal Testing of Carriers without Partner Testing: Pro and Con......Page 206
11. Genetic Testing for Susceptibility to Breast Cancer......Page 214
Impact of Breast Cancer on Women......Page 215
A Case and a Pedigree......Page 217
Genetic Testing for Susceptibility to Breast Cancer......Page 219
Inclusion of Consumers as a Model for Genetics......Page 222
12. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Abortion......Page 230
Methods of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis......Page 231
Definitions and Methods of Abortion......Page 232
Methods of Disposing of Affected Embryos......Page 236
Different Circumstances, Different Rationales......Page 238
13. Genomic Alterations ana Women......Page 246
Cell Types and Methods of Altering the Genome......Page 247
Preventive Gene Therapy versus Interventions for Enhancement......Page 251
A More Adequate Framework......Page 253
Arguments Pro and Con Genetic Intervention......Page 254
14. Behavioral Genetics ana Alcohol Consumption in Women......Page 264
The Meaning and Scope of Behavioral Genetics......Page 265
Gender Differences in Behavioral Conditions......Page 268
Alcoholism and Women......Page 270
A Case Involving Probable Hereditary Alcoholism......Page 272
15. Employment, Health Insurance, and the Public–Private Distinction......Page 282
Genetic and Gender Discrimination in Employment......Page 283
Genetic and Gender Discrimination in Health Insurance......Page 286
Genetic Information and the Public–Private Distinction......Page 288
Familial Risk for Huntington Disease: Insurance and Family Issues......Page 292
16.Human Cloning, Women, and Parenthood......Page 300
Human Embryo Cloning......Page 301
Nuclear Transfer from Mature Somatic Cells......Page 303
The Genetic Bias of Human Cloning and Infertility Treatment......Page 304
Real Parents, Real Mothers......Page 310
Conclusion: Toward Gender Equality in Genetics......Page 318
G......Page 322
P......Page 323
Z......Page 324
B......Page 326
C......Page 327
D......Page 328
E......Page 329
F......Page 330
G......Page 331
M......Page 332
P......Page 333
S......Page 334
W......Page 335