General, Organic and Biochemistry

Title
Contents
1 Chemistry: Methods and Measurements
	Chemistry Connection: Chance Favors the Prepared Mind
		1.1 The Discovery Process
			Chemistry
			Major Areas of Chemistry
			The Scientific Method
	A Human Perspective: The Scientific Method
	A Medical Perspective: Curiosity, Science, and Medicine
		Models in Chemistry
		1.2 Matter and Properties
			Data and Results
			States of Matter
			Matter and Physical Properties
			Matter and Chemical Properties
			Intensive and Extensive Properties
			Classification of Matter
		1.3 Significant Figures and Scientific Notation
			Significant Figures
			Recognition of Significant Figures
			Scientific Notation
			Error, Accuracy, Precision, and Uncertainty
			Significant Figures in Calculation of Results
			Exact (Counted) and Inexact Numbers
			Rounding Off Numbers
		1.4 Units and Unit Conversion
			English and Metric Units
			Unit Conversion: English and Metric Systems
			Conversion of Units Within the Same System
			Conversion of Units from One System to Another
		1.5 Experimental Quantities
			Mass
			Length
			Volume
			Time
			Temperature
			Energy
			Concentration
	A Human Perspective: Food Calories
		Density and Specific Gravity
	A Human Perspective: Assessing Obesity: The Body-Mass Index
	A Human Perspective: Quick and Useful Analysis
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
2 The Structure of the Atom and the Periodic Table
	Chemistry Connection: Managing Mountains of Information
		2.1 Composition of the Atom
			Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons
			Isotopes
			Ions
		2.2 Development of Atomic Theory
			Dalton’s Theory
			Evidence for Subatomic Particles: Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons
			Evidence for the Nucleus
		2.3 Light, Atomic Structure, and the Bohr Atom
			Light and Atomic Structure
	An Environmental Perspective: Electromagnetic Radiation and Its Effects on Our Everyday Lives
		The Bohr Atom
	A Human Perspective: Atomic Spectra and the Fourth of July
		Modern Atomic Theory
		2.4 The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
			Numbering Groups in the Periodic Table
			Periods and Groups
			Metals and Nonmetals
			Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
		2.5 Electron Arrangement and the Periodic Table
			Valence Electrons
	A Medical Perspective: Copper Deficiency and Wilson’s Disease
		The Quantum Mechanical Atom
			Energy Levels and Sublevels
			Electron Configuration and the Aufbau Principle
			Shorthand Electron Configurations
		2.6 The Octet Rule
			Ion Formation and the Octet Rule
	A Medical Perspective: Dietary Calcium
		2.7 Trends in the Periodic Table
			Atomic Size
			Ion Size
			Ionization Energy
			Electron Affinity
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
3 Structure and Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
	3.1 Chemical Bonding
	Chemistry Connection: Magnets and Migration
		Lewis Symbols
			Principal Types of Chemical Bonds: Ionic and Covalent
			Polar Covalent Bonding and Electronegativity
		3.2 Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas of Compounds
			Ionic Compounds
			Covalent Compounds
	A Human Perspective: Origin of the Elements
		3.3 Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
			Physical State
			Melting and Boiling Points
			Structure of Compounds in the Solid State
			Solutions of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
		3.4 Drawing Lewis Structures of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
			Lewis Structures of Molecules
	A Medical Perspective: Blood Pressure and the Sodium Ion/Potassium Ion Ratio
		Lewis Structures of Polyatomic Ions
			Lewis Structure, Stability, Multiple Bonds, and Bond Energies
			Isomers
			Lewis Structures and Resonance
			Lewis Structures and Exceptions to the Octet Rule
			Lewis Structures and Molecular Geometry; VSEPR Theory
			Periodic Structural Relationships
			Lewis Structures and Polarity
		3.5 Properties Based on Electronic Structure and Molecular Geometry
			Solubility
			Boiling Points of Liquids and Melting Points of Solids
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
4 Calculations and the Chemical Equation
	Chemistry Connection: The Chemistry of Automobile Air Bags
		4.1 The Mole Concept and Atoms
			The Mole and Avogadro’s Number
			Calculating Atoms, Moles, and Mass
		4.2 The Chemical Formula, Formula Weight, and Molar Mass
			The Chemical Formula
			Formula Weight and Molar Mass
		4.3 The Chemical Equation and the Information It Conveys
			A Recipe for Chemical Change
			Features of a Chemical Equation
			The Experimental Basis of a Chemical Equation
			Writing Chemical Reactions
			Types of Chemical Reactions
		4.4 Balancing Chemical Equations
	A Medical Perspective: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Case of Combining Ratios
		4.5 Calculations Using the Chemical Equation
			General Principles
			Use of Conversion Factors
			Theoretical and Percent Yield
	A Medical Perspective: Pharmaceutical Chemistry: The Practical Significance of Percent Yield
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
5 States of Matter: Gases, Liquids, and Solids
	Chemistry Connection: The Demise of the Hindenburg
		5.1 The Gaseous State
			Ideal Gas Concept
			Measurement of Gases
			Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
			Properties of Gases and the Kinetic Molecular Theory
			Boyle’s Law
			Charles’s Law
			Combined Gas Law
			Avogadro’s Law
			Molar Volume of a Gas
			Gas Densities
			The Ideal Gas Law
	An Environmental Perspective: The Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change
		Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
			Ideal Gases Versus Real Gases
		5.2 The Liquid State
			Compressibility
			Viscosity
	A Medical Perspective: Blood Gases and Respiration
		Surface Tension
			Vapor Pressure of a Liquid
			Van der Waals Forces
			Hydrogen Bonding
		5.3 The Solid State
			Properties of Solids
			Types of Crystalline Solids
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
6 Solutions
	6.1 Properties of Solutions
	Chemistry Connection: Seeing a Thought
		General Properties of Liquid Solutions
			Solutions and Colloids
			Degree of Solubility
			Solubility and Equilibrium
			Solubility of Gases: Henry’s Law
		6.2 Concentration Based on Mass
			Weight/Volume Percent
	A Human Perspective: Scuba Diving: Nitrogen and the Bends
		Weight/Weight Percent
			Parts Per Thousand (ppt) and Parts Per Million (ppm)
		6.3 Concentration of Solutions: Moles and Equivalents
			Molarity
			Dilution
			Representation of Concentration of Ions in Solution
		6.4 Concentration-Dependent Solution Properties
			Vapor Pressure Lowering
			Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation
			Osmotic Pressure, Osmosis, and Osmolarity
	A Medical Perspective: Oral Rehydration Therapy
		6.5 Water as a Solvent
	A Human Perspective: An Extraordinary Molecule
		6.6 Electrolytes in Body Fluids
	A Medical Perspective: Hemodialysis
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
7 Energy, Rate, and Equilibrium
	7.1 Thermodynamics
	Chemistry Connection: The Cost of Energy? More Than You Imagine
		The Chemical Reaction and Energy
			Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
			Enthalpy
			Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Reactions
			Entropy
	A Human Perspective: Triboluminescence: Sparks in the Dark with Candy
		Free Energy
		7.2 Experimental Determination of Energy Change in Reactions
		7.3 Kinetics
			The Chemical Reaction
			Activation Energy and the Activated Complex
			Factors That Affect Reaction Rate
	A Medical Perspective: Hot and Cold Packs
		Mathematical Representation of Reaction Rate
		7.4 Equilibrium
			Rate and Reversibility of Reactions
			Physical Equilibrium
			Chemical Equilibrium
			The Generalized Equilibrium-Constant Expression for a Chemical Reaction
			Using Equilibrium Constants
			LeChatelier’s Principle
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
8 Acids and Bases and Oxidation-Reduction
	Chemistry Connection: Drug Delivery
		8.1 Acids and Bases
			Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases
			Brønsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases
			Acid-Base Properties of Water
			Acid and Base Strength
			Conjugate Acids and Bases
			The Dissociation of Water
		8.2 pH: A Measurement Scale for Acids and Bases
			A Definition of pH
			Measuring pH
			Calculating pH
			The Importance of pH and pH Control
		8.3 Reactions Between Acids and Bases
			Neutralization
	An Environmental Perspective: Acid Rain
		Polyprotic Substances
		8.4 Acid-Base Buffers
			The Buffer Process
			Addition of Base (OH − ) to a Buffer Solution
			Addition of Acid (H O + 3 ) to a Buffer Solution
			Preparation of a Buffer Solution
			The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
	A Medical Perspective: Control of Blood pH
		8.5 Oxidation-Reduction Processes
			Oxidation and Reduction
	A Medical Perspective: Oxidizing Agents for Chemical Control of Microbes
		Applications of Oxidation and Reduction
	A Medical Perspective: Electrochemical Reactions in the Statue of Liberty and in Dental Fillings
		Biological Processes
			Voltaic Cells
	A Medical Perspective: Turning the Human Body into a Battery
		Electrolysis
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
9 The Nucleus, Radioactivity, and Nuclear Medicine
	Chemistry Connection: An Extraordinary Woman in Science
		9.1 Natural Radioactivity
			Alpha Particles
			Beta Particles and Positrons
			Gamma Rays
			Properties of Alpha, Beta, Positron, and Gamma Radiation
		9.2 Writing a Balanced Nuclear Equation
			Alpha Decay
			Beta Decay
			Positron Emission
			Gamma Production
			Predicting Products of Nuclear Decay
		9.3 Properties of Radioisotopes
			Nuclear Structure and Stability
			Half-Life
			Radiocarbon Dating
		9.4 Nuclear Power
			Energy Production
	An Environmental Perspective: Nuclear Waste Disposal
		Nuclear Fission
			Nuclear Fusion
			Breeder Reactors
		9.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity
			Cancer Therapy Using Radiation
			Nuclear Medicine
			Making Isotopes for Medical Applications
	A Medical Perspective: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		9.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
			Radiation Exposure and Safety
	An Environmental Perspective: Radon and Indoor Air Pollution
		9.7 Measurement of Radiation
			Nuclear Imaging
			Computer Imaging
			The Geiger Counter
			Film Badges
			Units of Radiation Measurement
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
10 An Introduction to Organic Chemistry: The Saturated Hydrocarbons
	Chemistry Connection: The Origin of Organic Compounds
	10.1 The Chemistry of Carbon
		Important Differences Between Organic and Inorganic Compounds
	An Environmental Perspective: Frozen Methane: Treasure or Threat?
		Families of Organic Compounds
	10.2 Alkanes
		Structure and Physical Properties
			Alkyl Groups
			Nomenclature
	An Environmental Perspective: Oil-Eating Microbes
		Constitutional or Structural Isomers
	10.3 Cycloalkanes
		cis-trans Isomerism in Cycloalkanes
	Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
	10.
		Alkanes
			Cycloalkanes
	An Environmental Perspective: The Petroleum Industry and Gasoline Production
	10.5 Reactions of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
		Combustion
	A Medical Perspective: Polyhalogenated Hydrocarbons Used as Anesthetics
		Halogenation
	A Medical Perspective: Chloroform in Your Swimming Pool?
	Summary of Reactions
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
11 The Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatics
	11.1 Alkenes and Alkynes: Structure and Physical Properties
	Chemistry Connection: A Cautionary Tale: DDT and Biological Magnification
	11.2 Alkenes and Alkynes: Nomenclature
	A Medical Perspective: Killer Alkynes in Nature
	11.3 Geometric Isomers: A Consequence of Unsaturation
	11.4 Alkenes in Nature
	11.5 Reactions Involving Alkenes and Alkynes
		Hydrogenation: Addition of H 2
		Halogenation: Addition of X 2
		Hydration: Addition of H 2 O
		Hydrohalogenation: Addition of HX
	A Human Perspective: Folklore, Science, and Technology
		Addition Polymers of Alkenes
	A Human Perspective: Life Without Polymers?
	An Environmental Perspective: Plastic Recycling
	11.6 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
		Structure and Properties
		Nomenclature
		Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
		Reactions Involving Benzene
	11.7 Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds
	Summary of Reactions
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
12 Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers
	Chemistry Connection: Polyols for the Sweet Tooth
	12.1 Alcohols: Structure and Physical Properties
	12.2 Alcohols: Nomenclature
		I.U.P.A.C. Names
		Common Names
	12.3 Medically Important Alcohols
	A Medical Perspective: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
	12.4 Classification of Alcohols
	12.5 Reactions Involving Alcohols
		Preparation of Alcohols
		Dehydration of Alcohols
		Oxidation Reactions
	12.6 Oxidation and Reduction in Living Systems
	A Human Perspective: Alcohol Consumption and the Breathalyzer Test
	12.7 Phenols
	12.8 Ethers
	12.9 Thiols
	Summary of Reactions
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
13 Aldehydes and Ketones
	Chemistry Connection: Genetic Complexity from Simple Molecules
	13.1 Structure and Physical Properties
	13.2 I.U.P.A.C. Nomenclature and Common Names
		Naming Aldehydes
		Naming Ketones
	13.3 Important Aldehydes and Ketones
	13.4 Reactions Involving Aldehydes and Ketones
		Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
		Oxidation Reactions
	A Medical Perspective: Formaldehyde and Methanol Poisoning
	A Human Perspective: Alcohol Abuse and Antabuse
		Reduction Reactions
	A Medical Perspective: That Golden Tan Without the Fear of Skin Cancer
		Addition Reactions
		Keto-Enol Tautomers
		Aldol Condensation
	A Human Perspective: The Chemistry of Vision
	Summary of Reactions
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
14 Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
	Chemistry Connection: Wake Up, Sleeping Gene
	14.1 Carboxylic Acids
		Structure and Physical Properties
		Nomenclature
		Some Important Carboxylic Acids
	An Environmental Perspective: Garbage Bags from Potato Peels
		Reactions Involving Carboxylic Acids
	14.2 Esters
		Structure and Physical Properties
		Nomenclature
		Reactions Involving Esters
	A Human Perspective: The Chemistry of Flavor and Fragrance
	14.3 Acid Chlorides and Acid Anhydrides
		Acid Chlorides
		Acid Anhydrides
	14.4 Nature’s High-Energy Compounds: Phosphoesters and Thioesters
	A Human Perspective: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives of Special Interest
	Summary of Reactions
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
15 Amines and Amides
	Chemistry Connection: The Nicotine Patch
	15.1 Amines
		Structure and Physical Properties
		Nomenclature
		Medically Important Amines
		Reactions Involving Amines
	A Human Perspective: Methamphetamine
		Quaternary Ammonium Salts
	15.2 Heterocyclic Amines
	15.3 Amides
		Structure and Physical Properties
		Nomenclature
		Medically Important Amides
	A Medical Perspective: Semisynthetic Penicillins
		Reactions Involving Amides
	15.4 A Preview of Amino Acids, Proteins, and Protein Synthesis
	15.5 Neurotransmitters
		Catecholamines
		Serotonin
	A Medical Perspective: Opiate Biosynthesis and the Mutant Poppy
		Histamine
		�-Aminobutyric Acid and Glycine
		Acetylcholine
		Nitric Oxide and Glutamate
	Summary of Reactions
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
16 Carbohydrates
	Chemistry Connection: Chemistry Through the Looking Glass
	16.1 Types of Carbohydrates
	16.2 Monosaccharides
	A Human Perspective: Tooth Decay and Simple Sugars
	16.3 Stereoisomers and Stereochemistry
		Stereoisomers
		Rotation of Plane-Polarized Light
		The Relationship Between Molecular Structure and Optical Activity
		Fischer Projection Formulas
		The D- and L- System of Nomenclature
	16.4 Biologically Important Monosaccharides
		Glucose
		Fructose
		Galactose
		Ribose and Deoxyribose, Five-Carbon Sugars
		Reducing Sugars
	16.5 Biologically Important Disaccharides
		Maltose
		Lactose
	A Human Perspective: Blood Transfusions and the Blood Group Antigens
		Sucrose
	16.6 Polysaccharides
		Starch
		Glycogen
		Cellulose
	A Medical Perspective: Monosaccharide Derivatives and Heteropolysaccharides of Medical Interest
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
17 Lipids and Their Functions in Biochemical Systems
	Chemistry Connection: Lifesaving Lipids
	17.1 Biological Functions of Lipids
	17.2 Fatty Acids
		Structure and Properties
		Chemical Reactions of Fatty Acids
	A Human Perspective: Mummies Made of Soap
		Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Thromboxanes
		Omega-3 Fatty Acids
	17.3 Glycerides
		Neutral Glycerides
		Phosphoglycerides
	17.4 Nonglyceride Lipids
		Sphingolipids
		Steroids
	A Medical Perspective: Disorders of Sphingolipid Metabolism
	A Medical Perspective: Steroids and the Treatment of Heart Disease
		Waxes
	17.5 Complex Lipids
	17.6 The Structure of Biological Membranes
		Fluid Mosaic Structure of Biological Membranes
	A Medical Perspective: Liposome Delivery Systems
	A Medical Perspective: Antibiotics That Destroy Membrane Integrity
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
18 Protein Structure and Function
	Chemistry Connection: Angiogenesis Inhibitors: Proteins That Inhibit Tumor Growth
	18.1 Cellular Functions of Proteins
	18.2 The � -Amino Acids
		Structure of Amino Acids
		Stereoisomers of Amino Acids
	A Medical Perspective: Proteins in the Blood
		Classes of Amino Acids
	18.3 The Peptide Bond
	A Human Perspective: The Opium Poppy and Peptides in the Brain
	18.4 The Primary Structure of Proteins
	18.5 The Secondary Structure of Proteins
		�-Helix
		�-Pleated Sheet
	18.6 The Tertiary Structure of Proteins
	18.7 The Quaternary Structure of Proteins
	A Human Perspective: Collagen, Cosmetic Procedures, and Clinical Applications
	18.8 An Overview of Protein Structure and Function
	18.9 Myoglobin and Hemoglobin
		Myoglobin and Oxygen Storage
		Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport
		Oxygen Transport from Mother to Fetus
		Sickle Cell Anemia
	18.10 Denaturation of Proteins
		Temperature
		pH
	A Medical Perspective: Immunoglobulins: Proteins That Defend the Body
		Organic Solvents
		Detergents
		Heavy Metals
		Mechanical Stress
	18.11 Dietary Protein and Protein Digestion
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
19 Enzymes
	Chemistry Connection: Super Hot Enzymes and the Origin of Life
	19.1 Nomenclature and Classification
		Classification of Enzymes
		Nomenclature of Enzymes
	19.2 The Effect of Enzymes on the Activation Energy of a Reaction
	19.3 The Effect of Substrate Concentration on Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
	19.4 The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
	19.5 Specificity of the Enzyme-Substrate Complex
	19.6 The Transition State and Product Formation
	A Medical Perspective: HIV Protease Inhibitors and Pharmaceutical Drug Design
	19.7 Cofactors and Coenzymes
	19.8 Environmental Effects
		Effect of pH
		Effect of Temperature
	A Medical Perspective: � 1 -Antitrypsin and Familial Emphysema
	19.9 Regulation of Enzyme Activity
		Allosteric Enzymes
		Feedback Inhibition
		Proenzymes
		Protein Modification
	19.10 Inhibition of Enzyme Activity
	A Medical Perspective: Enzymes, Nerve Transmission, and Nerve Agents
		Irreversible Inhibitors
		Reversible, Competitive Inhibitors
		Reversible, Noncompetitive Inhibitors
	19.11 Proteolytic Enzymes
	A Medical Perspective: Enzymes and Acute Myocardial Infarction
	19.12 Uses of Enzymes in Medicine
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
20 Introduction to Molecular Genetics
	Chemistry Connection: Molecular Genetics and Detection of Human Genetic Disease
	20.1 The Structure of the Nucleotide
		Nucleotide Structure
	20.2 The Structure of DNA and RNA
		DNA Structure: The Double Helix
		Chromosomes
		RNA Structure
	A Medical Perspective: Fooling the AIDS Virus with “Look-Alike” Nucleotides
	20.3 DNA Replication
		Bacterial DNA Replication
		Eukaryotic DNA Replication
	20.4 Information Flow in Biological Systems
		Classes of RNA Molecules
		Transcription
		Post-transcriptional Processing of RNA
	20.5 The Genetic Code
	20.6 Protein Synthesis
		The Role of Transfer RNA
		The Process of Translation
	20.7 Mutation, Ultraviolet Light, and DNA Repair
		The Nature of Mutations
		The Results of Mutations
	A Medical Perspective: The Ames Test for Carcinogens
		Mutagens and Carcinogens
		Ultraviolet Light Damage and DNA Repair
		Consequences of Defects in DNA Repair
	20.8 Recombinant DNA
		Tools Used in the Study of DNA
		Genetic Engineering
	20.9 Polymerase Chain Reaction
	A Human Perspective: DNA Fingerprinting
	20.10 The Human Genome Project
		Genetic Strategies for Genome Analysis
		DNA Sequencing
	A Medical Perspective: A Genetic Approach to Familial Emphysema
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
21 Carbohydrate Metabolism
	Chemistry Connection: The Man Who Got Tipsy from Eating Pasta
	21.1 ATP: The Cellular Energy Currency
	21.2 Overview of Catabolic Processes
		Stage I: Hydrolysis of Dietary Macromolecules into Small Subunits
		Stage II: Conversion of Monomers into a Form That Can Be Completely Oxidized
		Stage III: The Complete Oxidation of Nutrients and the Production of ATP
	21.3 Glycolysis
		An Overview
		Reactions of Glycolysis
	A Medical Perspective: Genetic Disorders of Glycolysis
		Regulation of Glycolysis
	21.4 Fermentations
		Lactate Fermentation
	A Human Perspective: Fermentations: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
		Alcohol Fermentation
	21.5 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
	21.6 Gluconeogenesis: The Synthesis of Glucose
	21.7 Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
		The Structure of Glycogen
		Glycogenolysis: Glycogen Degradation
		Glycogenesis: Glycogen Synthesis
	A Medical Perspective: Diagnosing Diabetes
		Compatibility of Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis
	A Human Perspective: Glycogen Storage Diseases
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
22 Aerobic Respiration and Energy Production
	Chemistry Connection: Mitochondria from Mom
	22.1 The Mitochondria
		Structure and Function
		Origin of the Mitochondria
	A Human Perspective: Exercise and Energy Metabolism
	22.2 Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
	22.3 An Overview of Aerobic Respiration
	22.4 The Citric Acid Cycle (The Krebs Cycle)
		Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle
	22.5 Control of the Citric Acid Cycle
	22.6 Oxidative Phosphorylation
	A Human Perspective: Brown Fat: The Fat That Makes You Thin?
		Electron Transport Systems and the Hydrogen Ion Gradient
		ATP Synthase and the Production of ATP
		Summary of the Energy Yield
	22.7 The Degradation of Amino Acids
		Removal of �-Amino Groups: Transamination
		Removal of �-Amino Groups: Oxidative Deamination
		The Fate of Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons
	22.8 The Urea Cycle
		Reactions of the Urea Cycle
	A Medical Perspective: Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency
	22.9 Overview of Anabolism: The Citric Acid Cycle as a Source of Biosynthetic Intermediates
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
23 Fatty Acid Metabolism
	Chemistry Connection: Obesity: A Genetic Disorder?
	23.1 Lipid Metabolism in Animals
		Digestion and Absorption of Dietary Triglycerides
		Lipid Storage
	23.2 Fatty Acid Degradation
		An Overview of Fatty Acid Degradation
	A Human Perspective: Losing Those Unwanted Pounds of Adipose Tissue
		The Reactions of �-Oxidation
	23.3 Ketone Bodies
		Ketosis
		Ketogenesis
	23.4 Fatty Acid Synthesis
		A Comparison of Fatty Acid Synthesis and Degradation
	23.5 The Regulation of Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism
		The Liver
	A Medical Perspective: Diabetes Mellitus and Ketone Bodies
		Adipose Tissue
		Muscle Tissue
		The Brain
	23.6 The Effects of Insulin and Glucagon on Cellular Metabolism
	Summary
	Key Terms
	Questions and Problems
	Critical Thinking Problems
Glossary
Answers to Practice Problems
Credits
Index