Gender : psychological perspectives

Cover
Title
Copyright
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
1 The Study of Gender
	Headline: “The End of Men,” Atlantic Monthly, July/August, 2010
	History of the Study of Sex Differences in Psychology
		The Study of Individual Differences
		Psychoanalysis
	The Development of Women’s Studies
		The History of Feminist Movements
		Sex or Gender?
		Women in Psychology
		The Appearance of the Men’s Movement
	Considering Diversity
	Summary
	Glossary
	Suggested Readings
	Suggested Websites
	References
2 Researching Sex and Gender
	Headline: “Does Gender Matter?” Nature, July 13, 2006
	How Science Developed
	Approaches to Research
		Quantitative Research Methods
			Experimental Designs
			Ex Post Facto Studies
			Surveys
			Correlational Studies
		Qualitative Research Methods
			Interviews
			Ethnography
			Focus Groups
		Researchers’ Choices
	Gender Bias in Research
		Sources of Bias
		Ways to Deal with Bias in Science
			Advocating Transformation
			Decreasing Bias
	Summary
	Glossary
	Suggested Readings
	Suggested Websites
	References
3 Gender Stereotypes: Masculinity and Femininity
	Headline: “Gender Stereotypes Don’t Die Easily” Vancouver Sun, June 27, 2013
	History of Stereotypes of Women and Men
		The Cult of True Womanhood
		Masculinities
	Conceptualizing and Measuring Masculinity and Femininity
		Explicit Measures of Stereotyping
		Implicit Measures of Stereotyping
	The Process and Implications of Stereotyping
		Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
		Perceptions of Women and Men
		Stereotypes over the Lifespan
		Negative Effects of Stereotyping
			Stereotype Threat
			Benevolent Sexism
	Considering Diversity
	Summary
	Glossary
	Suggested Readings
	Suggested Websites
	References
4 Hormones and Chromosomes
	Headline: “Venus and Mars Collide” New Scientist, March 5, 2011
	The Endocrine System and Steroid Hormones
	Sexual Differentiation
		Chromosomes
		Prenatal Development of Male and Female Physiology
			The Reproductive Organs
			The Nervous System
		Changes during Puberty
		Changes during Adulthood
		Variations in Sexual Development
			Variations in Number of Sex Chromosomes
			Problems Related to Prenatal Hormone Exposure
	Hormones and Behavior Instability
		Premenstrual Syndrome
		Testosterone and Aggression
	Considering Diversity
	Summary
	Glossary
	Suggested Readings
	Suggested Websites
	References
5 Theories of Gender Development
	Headline: “Code Pink” Mother Jones, September/October, 2009
	The Psychodynamic Approach to Gender Development
		Freud’s View of Gender Identity Development
		Horney’s Theory of Gender
		Contemporary Psychodynamic Theories of Gender Development
			Chodorow’s Emphasis on Mothering
			Kaschak’s Antigone Phase
	Social Learning Theory and Gender
	Cognitive Theories of Gender Development
		Cognitive Developmental Theory
		Gender Schema Theory
	Which Theory is Best?
	Summary
	Glossary
	Suggested Readings
	Suggested Websites
	References
6 Developing Gender Identity
	Headline: “A Boy’s Life” The Atlantic, November 2008
	Gender Identity Development
		Development during Childhood
			The Sequence of Childhood Gender Role Development
			Differences between Girls and Boys
		Later Development
	Influences on Gender Identity Development
		Biological Factors and Gender Development
		Family Environment and Gender Development
		Peers and Gender Development
		The Media and Gender Development
			Gender Bias in the Media
			Children and Media
	Considering Diversity
	Summary
	Glossary
	Suggested Readings
	Suggested Websites
	References
7 Intelligence and Cognitive Abilities
	Headline: “Is the Female of the Species Really More Intelligent Than the Male?” The Telegraph, July 17, 2012
	Cognitive Abilities
		Verbal Performance
		Mathematical and Quantitative Performance
		Spatial Performance
		Other Cognitive Abilities
	Source of the Differences
		Biological Evidence for Gender Differences in Cognitive Abilities
		Evidence for Other Sources of Gender Differences
	Implications of Gender-Related Differences
	Considering Diversity
	Summary
	Glossary
	Suggested Readings
	Suggested Websites
	References
8 Emotion
	Headline: “Do Get Mad” New Scientist, February 9, 2013
	Gender in the Experience and Expression of Emotion
		The Myth of Maternal Instinct
			Maternal Deprivation and Its Consequences for Nurturing
			Gender and Caring for Children
		The Prominence of Male Aggression
			Anger and Aggression
			Developmental Gender Differences in Aggression
			Gender and Aggression during Adulthood
			Gender and Crime
			Sexual Violence
	Expressivity and Emotion
	Considering Diversity
	Summary
	Glossary
	Suggested Readings
	Suggested Websites
	References
9 Relationships
	Headline: “The New Rules of Dating” Men’s Fitness, February, 2013
	Friendships
		Development of Styles
		Friendships over the Lifespan
		Flexibility of Styles
	Love Relationships
		Dating
		Marriage and Committed Relationships
			Concepts of Love and Marriage
			Communication between Partners
			Balance of Power
			Division of Household Labor
			Conflict and Violence
			Stability of Relationships
	Dissolving Relationships
	Considering Diversity
	Summary
	Glossary
	Suggested Readings
	Suggested Websites
	References
10 Sexuality
	Headline: “How to End to War over Sex Ed,” Time Atlantic, April 6, 2009
	The Study of Sexuality
		Sex Surveys
			The Kinsey Surveys
			Hunt’s Playboy Foundation Survey
			The National Health and Social Life Survey
			National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior
			Gender Differences (and Similarities) in Sexual Attitudes and Behavior
		Masters and Johnson’s Approach
	Childhood Sexuality: Exploration and Abuse
	Heterosexuality
		During Adolescence
		During Adulthood
	Homosexuality
		During Adolescence
		During Adulthood
	Bisexuality
	Considering Diversity
	Summary
	Glossary
	Suggested Readings
	Suggested Websites
	References
11 School
	Headline: “The Target,” Vanity Fair, April, 2013
	The School Experience
		Early Schooling
		Changes during Middle School
		High School
		College and Professional School
	Achievement
		Achievement Motivation
		Fear of Success
		Self-Esteem and Self-Confidence
		Attributions for Success and Failure
	Considering Diversity
	Summary
	Glossary
	Suggested Readings
	Suggested Websites
	References
12 Careers and Work
	Headline: “You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby,” Canadian Business, October 13, 2013
	Careers
		Career Expectations and Gender Stereotyping
		Career Opportunities
			Discrimination in Hiring
			Barriers to Career Advancement
			Balancing Career and Family
	Gender Issues at Work
		Gender Segregation on the Job
		Gender, Communication, and Power in the Workplace
		Sexual Harassment at Work
	Considering Diversity
	Summary
	Glossary
	Suggested Readings
	Suggested Websites
	References
13 Health and Fitness
	Headline: “Ladies Last,” National Geographic, April, 2013
	Mortality: No Equal Opportunity
		Cardiovascular Disease
		Cancer
		Violent Deaths
	The Health Care System
		Gender Roles and Health Care
			Gender and Seeking Health Care
			Gender and Receiving Health Care
		Reproductive Health
		Gender and Healthy Aging
	Gender, Lifestyle, and Health
		Eating
			Body Image
			Eating Disorders
		Exercise and Fitness
	Considering Diversity
	Summary
	Glossary
	Suggested Readings
	Suggested Websites
	References
14 Stress, Coping, and Psychopathology
	Headline: “White Men Have Less Life Stress, But Are More Prone to Depression Because of It,” Huffington Post , September 23, 2015
	Stress and Coping
		Sources of Stress for Men and Women
			Family Roles
			Violence
			Discrimination
			Poverty
		Coping Resources and Strategies
			Social Support
			Coping Strategies
	Diagnoses of Mental Disorders
		The DSM Classification System
		Gender Inequity in the Diagnosis of Mental Disorders
	Gender Comparisons in Psychopathology
		Depression
		Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
		Anxiety Disorders
		Other Disorders
	Considering Diversity
	Summary
	Glossary
	Suggested Readings
	Suggested Websites
	References
15 Treatment for Mental Disorders
	Headline: “Colorado Launches Man Therapy to Break Down Mental Health Stigmas” Nation’s Health, October 2012
	Approaches to Therapy
		Psychoanalysis
		Humanistic Therapy
		Cognitive Therapy
		Behavior Modification
		Medical Therapies
		Accusations of Gender Bias in Therapy
	Gender Issues in Therapy
		Feminist Therapy
			Principles of Feminist Therapy
			Clients of Feminist Therapy
		Therapy with Men
		Gender-Sensitive Therapies
	Sexual Exploitation in Therapy
	The Self-Help Movement
		Online Support Groups
		Gender Issues in Self-Help
	Considering Diversity
	Summary
	Glossary
	Suggested Readings
	Suggested Websites
	References
16 How Different?
	Headline: “Signs of Détente in the Battle between Venus and Mars,” New York Times, May 31, 2007
	What do Women Want? What do Men Want?
		Have Women Become More Like Men?
		Why Can’t a Man Be More Like a Woman?
	Multiple Roles Have Become the Rule
	Where Are the Differences?
		Differences in Ability
		Differences in Choices
	Is a Peace Plan Possible?
	Summary
	Glossary
	Suggested Readings
	Suggested Websites
	References
Index