Gender, Nature, and Nurture

Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
Introduction......Page 18
CHAPTER 1: WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE ANYWAY?......Page 24
The Study of Sex Differences......Page 27
Combining the Results of Many Studies: Meta-Analysis......Page 32
Are There Sex Differences in Personality?......Page 35
Are There Sex Differences in Boys' and Girls' Activity Levels?......Page 39
Are There Sex Differences in Risk-Taking?......Page 40
Are There Sex Differences in Social Behaviors?......Page 41
Are There Sex Differences in Nonverbal Behavior and Nonverbal Perceptiveness?......Page 47
Are There Sex Differences in Sexuality?......Page 49
Are There Sex Differences in Occupational Preferences and Interests?......Page 53
Are There Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities?......Page 56
Are There Sex Differences in Physical Abilities?......Page 57
Are Men More Variable Than Women on Some Traits?......Page 58
Are There Sex Differences in Mental and Behavioral Disorders?......Page 59
Are There Sex Differences in Emotional Experience?......Page 62
Are There Sex Differences in the Self-Concept......Page 64
Are There Sex Differences in Children's Play and Friendship Patterns?......Page 65
Summary......Page 67
CHAPTER 2: MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY: GENDER WITHIN GENDER......Page 69
The Search Commences......Page 70
The Analogy Between Masculinity–Femininity and Intelligence......Page 71
The Bipolar Assumption......Page 72
What Is Masculinity–Femininity Related to?......Page 76
Cracks in Terman and Miles' Edifice......Page 78
The Rise of Androgyny......Page 79
Putting Androgyny to the Test......Page 82
Masculinity, Femininity, and Psychological Adjustment......Page 84
Whither Androgyny?......Page 85
But Don't Masculinity and Femininity Make Sense to Most of Us?......Page 87
Components of Masculinity and Femininity......Page 88
Masculinity and Femininity as Fuzzy Concepts......Page 89
Recapitulation......Page 91
Resurrecting Masculinity-Femininity: Gender Diagnosticity......Page 92
What Is Gender Diagnosticity Related to?......Page 96
Is There a "Deep Structure" to Masculinity–Femininity?......Page 100
Summary......Page 102
Levels of Explanation Applied to Gender......Page 104
Evolutionary Theory......Page 108
The Genetics of Sex......Page 117
Hormones and Male Versus Female Development......Page 120
Structural Differences Between Male and Female Nervous Systems......Page 122
Are Hormones Everything?......Page 125
Recapitulating Biological Theories......Page 126
Social Learning Theories......Page 127
Cognitive Theories of Gender......Page 129
Social Psychological Theories of Gender......Page 133
Summary......Page 140
CHAPTER 4: THE CASE FOR NATURE......Page 142
Animal Experiments......Page 144
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Females......Page 145
Androgen-lnsensitive Males......Page 146
Reductase-Deficient Males......Page 147
Effects of Estrogen: Diethystilbestrol Children and Turner Syndrome Women......Page 148
Correlational Studies of Hormones and Behavior......Page 150
Testosterone and Human Behavior......Page 151
Other Hormones and Gender-Related Behaviors......Page 155
Hormones and Maternal Behavior......Page 156
Natural Experiments" and Sex Reassignments......Page 159
Biology and Human Sex Differences......Page 160
Physical Aggression......Page 163
Visual–Spatial Ability......Page 165
Sexual Behavior......Page 168
Demonstrating Biological Influences on Individual Differences in Masculinity and Femininity: Behavior Genetic Studies......Page 173
Summary......Page 176
CHAPTER 5: THE CASE FOR NURTURE......Page 178
Learning to "Do Gender"......Page 180
Boys' and Girls' Toy Preferences......Page 181
Parental Treatment and the Social Learning of Gender......Page 182
Teacher Influences......Page 187
Peer Influences......Page 188
Learning Gender After Early Childhood......Page 189
Modeling Gender......Page 191
Learning Gender From the Mass Media......Page 192
Gender Knowledge......Page 195
Gender Knowledge and Sex-Typed Behavior......Page 197
Social Influences on Gender Knowledge......Page 200
Enacting Stereotypes......Page 201
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies and Behavioral Confirmation......Page 203
Stereotype Threat: When Negative Stereotypes Undermine Performance......Page 205
Social Role Theory......Page 206
Coda......Page 209
Summary......Page 210
CHAPTER 6: CROSS-EXAMINATIONS......Page 212
Summary......Page 241
CHAPTER 7: GENDER, NATURE, AND NURTURE: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE......Page 242
Gender as a Complex Causal Cascade......Page 244
Causal Cascades and the Nature–Nurture Debate......Page 246
Cascades, Fulcrums, and Social Interventions......Page 249
Causal Cascades and the Two Faces of Gender......Page 252
Gender, Nature, and Nurture: Some Real-Life Concerns......Page 256
Rearing Girls and Boys......Page 257
Childhood Gender Segregation: Can It Be Reduced?......Page 258
Gender in the Classroom......Page 260
Gender and the Digital Divide......Page 264
Sexual Harassment and Assault: Are They Male Problems?......Page 266
Husbands and Wives: The Nature and Nurture of Close Relationships......Page 267
Gender in the Workplace......Page 272
Political Animals: Men and Women Who Govern......Page 277
Women and Men in the Military: The Battles of the Sexes......Page 280
Summary......Page 282
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Y......Page 292
References......Page 293
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