Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts Third Edition

Gateways to Art, 3E
	Title Page
	Copyright Information
	Contents
	Preface
		Organization and How to Use this Book
		New in this Edition
		Resources for Instructors
		Resources for Students
		The Authors
		Acknowledgments
		How to Use Gateway to Art and Other Features
Introduction
	What Is Art?
	Fine Art, Craft, and the Commercial Arts
	The Visual World
	Where Is Art?
	Art and Creativity
	Who Makes Art?
	The Power and Value of Art
	Protest and Censorship of Art
	Studying Art
	FEATURES
		Gertrude Stein as an Art Patron
		Loongkoonan: The Value of Art to Keep Alive Knowledge and Culture
		Tracy Chevalier: Art Inspires a Novel and a Movie
Part 1. Fundamentals
	Chapter 1.1 Line, Shape, and the Principle of Contrast
		Line
		Shape
		Contrast
		FEATURES
			Gateway to Art: Kahlo, The Two Fridas: Using Line to Guide and Direct a Viewer’s Attention
			Gateway to Art: Weems, Kitchen Table Series: The Principle of Contrast and Dramatic Effect
	Chapter 1.2 Form, Volume, Mass, and Texture
		Form
		Form in Relief and in the Round
		Volume
		Mass
		FEATURES
			The Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao
			Brancusi and Rodin: Using Mass to Describe Love
		Texture
	Chapter 1.3 Implied Depth: Value and Space
		Value
		Space
		FEATURE
			Gateway to Art: Raphael, The School of Athens: Perspective and the Illusion of Depth
	Chapter 1.4 Color
		Color and Light
		Color and Pigment
		Additive and Subtractive Color
		Color Wheels
		Key Characteristics of Color
		The Sensation of Color
		Interpreting Color Symbolism
		The Psychology of Color
	Chapter 1.5 Motion and Time
		Motion
		Time
		FEATURE
			Gateway to Art: Ai Weiwei, Dropping a Han Dynasty Urn: Motion and Reproduction as a Metaphor for Time
	Chapter 1.6 Unity, Variety, and Balance
		Unity
		Variety
		Balance
		FEATURES
			Gateway to Art: Hokusai, “The Great Wave off Shore at Kanagawa”: A Masterpiece of Unity and Harmony
			Gateway to Art: The Taj Mahal: Love and Perfection
	Chapter 1.7 Scale and Proportion
		Scale
		Proportion
		FEATURE
			Gateway to Art: Raphael, The School of Athens: Scale and Proportion in a Renaissance Masterpiece
	Chapter 1.8 Focal Point and Emphasis
		Focal Point
		Emphasis
		Subordination
		Focal Point and Emphasis in Action
		FEATURE
			Gateway to Art: Gentileschi, Judith Decapitating Holofernes: Using Focal Point for Dramatic Emphasis
	Chapter 1.9 Pattern and Rhythm
		Pattern
		Rhythm
		FEATURE
			Gateway to Art: Maya Lintel Showing Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc: Pattern Used to Emphasize Royal Power and Hierarchy
	Chapter 1.10 Engaging with Form and Content
		Formal Analysis
		Stylistic Analysis
		Iconographic Analysis
		Contextual Analysis
		Analysis, Critique, and Interpretation
		Combined Analysis in Historical and Contemporary Art
		FEATURES
			Types of Analysis and Critique
			Research and Interpretation
Part 2. Media And Processes
	Chapter 2.1 Drawing
		Functions of Drawing
		The Materials of Drawing: Dry Media
		The Materials of Drawing: Wet Media
		Paper
		Life Drawing
		FEATURES
			Gateway to Art: Raphael, The School of Athens: Drawing in the Design Process
			Gateway to Art: Kahlo, The Two Fridas: Artist Sketchbooks
	Chapter 2.2 Painting
		The First Paintings
		Encaustic
		Fresco
		Tempera
		Oil
		Ink Painting
		Watercolor and Gouache
		Acrylic
		Mixed-Media Painting
		Mural Art and Spray Paint
		FEATURES
			José Clemente Orozco: Fresco Painting Inspired by the Mexican Revolution
			Gateway to Art: Gentileschi, Judith Decapitating Holofernes: The Artist in the Act of Painting
	Chapter 2.3 Printmaking
		Context of Printmaking
		Relief Printmaking
		Intaglio Printmaking
		Collagraphy
		Lithography
		Serigraphy (Silkscreen Printing)
		Editions
		Monotypes and Monoprints
		Print Shops and Digital Reproduction Services
		Contemporary Directions in Printmaking
		FEATURE
			Gateway to Art: Hokusai, “The Great Wave off Shore at Kanagawa”: Using the Woodblock Printing Method
	Chapter 2.4 Sculpture
		Approaches to Three Dimensions in Sculpture
		Bas-Relief and High Relief
		Methods of Sculpture
		Pushing beyond Traditional Methods
		FEATURES
			Gateway to Art: Maya Lintel Showing Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc: Varying Degrees of Relief for Emphasis
			Michelangelo
			Antony Gormley: Asian Field
	Chapter 2.5 Architecture
		Structure, Function, and Form
		Ancient Construction
		Classical Architectural Styles
		The Emergence of the Methods and Materials of the Modern World
		The Postmodern Reaction to Modernism
		Currents in Architecture
		FEATURES
			Abbot Suger and the Dynamics of Gothic Architecture
			Gateway to Art: The Taj Mahal: Engineering Eternity
			Contrasting Ideas in Modern Architecture: Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye and Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater
			Zaha Hadid: A Building for Exciting Events
	Chapter 2.6 The Tradition of Craft
		Ceramics
		Glass
		Metalwork
		Fiber
		Wood
		FEATURES
			Hyo-In Kim: Art or Craft: What’s the Difference?
			San Ildefonso-Style Pottery
			Faith Ringgold, Tar Beach
	Chapter 2.7 Visual Communication Design
		The Visual Character of Text
		The Communicative Image
		Layout Design
		Web Design
		FEATURES
			Influence of the Bauhaus on Visual Design
			April Greiman: Does It Make Sense? Greiman’s Design Quarterly #133, 1986
			Color in Visual Communication Design
	Chapter 2.8 Photography
		Recording the Image: Film to Digital
		The Dawn of Photography
		Negative/Positive Process in Black and White
		In Living Color
		Photojournalism
		Photocollage and Photomontage
		Postmodern Return to Historic Processes
		The Art of Photography
		FEATURES
			Traditional and Alternative Darkroom Methods
			Steve McCurry
			Gateway to Art: Weems, Kitchen Table Series: Story Telling and Sto-re-telling
	Chapter 2.9 Film/Video and Digital Art
		Moving Images before Film
		Silent and Black-and-White Film
		Sound and Color
		Animation and Special Effects
		Film Genres
		Film as Art
		FEATURE
			Bill Viola: How Did Video Become Art?
	Chapter 2.10 Alternative Media and Processes
		Context of Alternative Media
		Conceptual Art
		Performance Art
		Installation and Environments
		Out of the Shadows and into the Light: Enlivened Gallery Space
		FEATURES
			Gateway to Art: Ai Weiwei, Dropping a Han Dynasty Urn and Colored Vases: Art that Resists Categories: Interactions with the Individual
			Molly Gochman: Bringing Light to the Scars
Part 3. History And Context
	Timeline
	Chapter 3.1 The Prehistoric and Ancient Mediterranean
		Prehistoric Art in Europe and the Mediterranean
		Mesopotamia: The Cradle of Civilization
		Ancient Egypt
		Art of Ancient Greece
		Etruscan Art
		Roman Art
		FEATURES
			Hieroglyphs
			Zahi Hawass: The Golden Mask of Tutankhamun
			Classical Architectural Orders
			Controversy about the Parthenon Marbles
			Stylistic Changes in the Sculpture of Ancient Greece
	Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages
		Art of Late Antiquity and Early Christianity
		Byzantine Art
		Manuscripts and the Middle Ages
		Pilgrimage in the Middle Ages
		The Rise of the Gothic
		From the Gothic to Early Renaissance in Italy
		FEATURES
			Three Religions of the Middle Ages
			Iconoclasm: Destruction of Religious Images
	Chapter 3.3 Art of India, China, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia
		India
		China
		Japan
		Korea
		Southeast Asia
		FEATURES
			Philosophical and Religious Traditions in Asia
			Gateway to Art: The Taj Mahal: The Gardens of Paradise in the Taj Mahal
			The Spread of the Image of Buddha along the Silk Road
			Gateway to Art: Ai Weiwei, Dropping a Han Dynasty Urn: The Value of Art: Questions of History and Authenticity
			The Three Perfections: Calligraphy, Painting, Poetry
			Sonoko Sasaki: Arts and Tradition in Japan
			Gateway to Art: Hokusai, “The Great Wave off Shore at Kanagawa”: Mount Fuji: The Sacred Mountain of Japan
	Chapter 3.4 Art of the Americas
		When’s the Beginning?
		South America
		Mesoamerica
		North America
		FEATURES
			Gateway to Art: Maya Lintel Showing Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc: Invoking Ancestors through Bloodletting
			“We Are the Mirrors”: Legislation and Activism to Protect Native Rights and Land
	Chapter 3.5 Art of Africa and the Pacific Islands
		Art of Africa
		African Architecture
		Art of the Pacific Islands
		FEATURE
			Paul Tacon: Australian Rock Art
	Chapter 3.6 Art of Renaissance and Baroque Europe (1400–1750)
		The Early Renaissance in Italy
		The Renaissance in Northern Europe
		The High Renaissance in Italy
		Late Renaissance and Mannerism
		Italian Baroque
		Northern Baroque
		FEATURES
			Van Eyck, Panofsky, and Iconographic Analysis
			Gateway to Art: Raphael, The School of Athens: Past and Present in the Painting
			Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation: A Comparison through Last Suppers
			Gateway to Art: Gentileschi, Judith Decapitating Holofernes: The Influence of Caravaggio
			Depictions of David
	Chapter 3.7 Art of Europe andAmerica (1700–1865): Rococo to Romanticism
		Rococo
		Rejecting the Rococo: Sentimentality in Painting
		Neoclassicism
		Romanticism
		FEATURES
			The French Academy of Painting and Sculpture: Making a Living as an Artist
			Slavery and Colonialism in Eighteenth-Century Art
	Chapter 3.8 The Modern Aesthetic: Realism to Expressionism
		Art Academies and Modernism
		Realism
		A Revolutionary Invention: Photography and Art in the Nineteenth Century
		Impressionism
		Post-Impressionism
		Symbolism
		Fin de Siècle and Art Nouveau
		Expressionism
		FEATURES
			Influences on the Impressionists: Japanese Woodcuts and Photography
			Gateway to Art: Gentileschi, Judith Decapitating Holofernes: Variations on a Theme
	Chapter 3.9 Late Modern and Early Contemporary Art in the Twentieth Century
		The Revolution of Color and Form
		Dada
		Surrealism
		The Influence of Cubism
		Early Twentieth-Century Art in America
		Abstract Expressionism
		Pop Art
		Minimalism
		FEATURES
			Gateway to Art: Kahlo, The Two Fridas: Was She a Surrealist?
			Modern and Postmodern Architecture
	Chapter 3.10 The Late Twentieth Century and Art of the Present Day
		Conceptual Art
		Performance and Body Art
		Earthworks
		Postmodernism, Identity, and Multiculturalism
		Narratives of Fact and Fiction
		Installation
		Socially Engaged Art
		FEATURES
			Borrowing an Image
			Gateway to Art: Weems, Kitchen Table Series: Personal and Cultural Narrative
			Inside, Outside, Upside Down: Ideas Recontextualized
			Gabriel Dawe: Materializing Light, Inverting Constructs
Part 4. Themes
	Chapter 4.1 Art and Community
		Places to Gather
		Art by and for the Community
		Man-Made Mountains
		Rituals and Art of Healing and Community Solidarity
		Art in the Public Sphere
		FEATURES
			Art, Super-Sized
			Richard Serra: A Sculptor Defends His Work
	Chapter 4.2 Spirituality and Art
		Gods, Deities, and Enlightened Beings
		Spirits and Ancestors
		Connecting with the Gods
		Sacred Places
		Personal Paths to Spirituality
		FEATURE
			Judgment and the Afterlife
	Chapter 4.3 Art and the Cycle of Life
		Life’s Beginnings and Endings
		Marking Time
		Lineage and Ancestors
		Mortality and Immortality
		FEATURES
			Gateway to Art: The Taj Mahal: Mumtaz Mahal: A Life Remembered
			Christian Marclay, The Clock: “Glue” by Darian Leader
			Vanitas: Reminders of Transience
	Chapter 4.4 Art and Science
		Art Celebrating Science
		Astronomy and Space Exploration in Art
		Using Science and Mathematics to Create Art
		Perception, Senses, and Psychology
		Science as a Tool to Understand and Care for Art
	Chapter 4.5 Art, Illusion, and Transformation
		Art as an Illusionistic Window
		Illusionism as Trickery
		Illusion and the Transformation of Ideas
		FEATURES
			Gateway to Art: Raphael, The School of Athens: Architectural Illusion
			Satirizing Illusionism: Hogarth’s False Perspective
			Art and Spiritual Transformation
	Chapter 4.6 Art of Political Leaders and Rulers
		Iconic Portraiture of Leaders
		Female Rulers
		Art Used by Rulers to Regulate Society
		FEATURE
			Gateway to Art: Maya Lintel Showing Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc: Queens in Support of Their Husbands
	Chapter 4.7 Art, War, and Revolution
		Documenting the Tragedies of War
		Warriors and Battle Scenes
		The Artist’s Response to War
		Remembrance and Memorials
		FEATURE
			Wafaa Bilal: Domestic Tension: An Artist’s Protest against War
	Chapter 4.8 Art of Protestand Social Conscience
		Art as Protest and Activism
		Art as the Victim of Protest: Censorship and Destruction
		Art that Raises Social Awareness
		FEATURES
			Gateway to Art: Ai Weiwei, Dropping a Han Dynasty Urn and Colored Vases: The Art of Activism: Speaking out at all Costs
			Censorship of Art: The Nazi Campaign against Modern Art
			Gateway to Art: Hokusai, “The Great Wave off Shore at Kanagawa”: Using Famous Art to Make a Social Difference
	Chapter 4.9 The Body in Art
		Archetypal Images of the Body
		Ideal Proportion
		Notions of Beauty
		Performance Art: The Body Becomes the Artwork
		The Body in Pieces
		The Body Reframed
		FEATURES
			Reclining Nudes
			Spencer Tunick: Human Bodies as Installations
			Henri Matisse: The Blue Nude: Cutouts and the Essence of Form
			Gateway to Art: Kahlo, The Two Fridas: A Body in Pain
	Chapter 4.10 Identity, Race, and Gender in Art
		Self-Portraits
		Challenging the Status Quo
		Culture on Display
		Identity and Ambiguity
		FEATURES
			Gateway to Art: Gentileschi, Judith Decapitating Holofernes: Self-Expression in the Judith Paintings
			Cindy Sherman: The Artist and Her Identity
			Gateway to Art: Weems, Kitchen Table Series: Cultural Diplomacy
Glossary
Further Reading
Sources of Quotations
Illustration Credits
Index