Gas Turbine Performance, Second Edition

Front Matter......Page 2
Foreword to the First Edition......Page 4
Gas Turbine Engine Configurations......Page 7
Preface......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 0
Table of Contents......Page 15
1.1 Comparison of Gas Turbine and Diesel Engines......Page 21
1.2 Power Generation Applications......Page 22
1.3 Industrial Mechanical Drive Applications......Page 28
1.4 Automotive Applications......Page 30
1.5 Marine Applications......Page 37
1.6 Aircraft Applications - Propulsion Requirements......Page 43
1.7 Shaft Powered Aircraft - Turboprops and Turboshafts......Page 48
1.8 Thrust Propelled Aircraft - Turbofans, Turbojets and Ramjets......Page 50
1.9 Auxiliary Power Units (APUs)......Page 53
Formulae......Page 55
Sample Calculations......Page 58
Charts......Page 62
References......Page 72
2.1 The Environmental Envelope......Page 73
2.2 Installation Pressure Losses......Page 76
2.3 The Flight Envelope......Page 77
Formulae......Page 81
Sample Calculations......Page 84
Charts......Page 89
References......Page 113
3.1 Description of Fundamental Gas Properties......Page 114
3.2 Description of Key Thermodynamic Parameters......Page 115
3.4 The Use of CP and Gamma, or Specific Enthalpy and Entropy, in Calculations......Page 117
3.5 Data Base for Fundamental and Thermodynamic Gas Properties......Page 118
3.6 Charts Showing Interrelationships of Key Thermodynamic Parameters......Page 120
Formulae......Page 125
Sample Calculations......Page 131
Charts......Page 138
References......Page 154
4.1 The Importance of Parameter Groups......Page 155
4.2 Tables of Parameter Groups and Description......Page 156
4.3 Examples of Applications......Page 157
4.4 Second-Order Effects - Steady State Performance......Page 160
4.6 Second-Order Effects - Transient Performance......Page 162
4.7 Why Components and Engines Adhere to the Parameter Group Relationships......Page 163
Sample Calculations......Page 164
Charts......Page 166
References......Page 170
5.1 Axial Compressors - Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing......Page 171
5.2 Axial Flow Compressors - Off Design Performance......Page 178
5.3 Centrifugal Compressors - Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing......Page 190
5.4 Centrifugal Compressors - Off Design Performance......Page 197
5.5 Fans - Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing......Page 198
5.6 Fans - Off Design Performance......Page 202
5.7 Combustors - Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing......Page 203
5.8 Combustors - Off Design Performance......Page 210
5.9 Axial Flow Turbines - Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing Guidelines......Page 214
5.10 Axial Flow Turbines - Off Design Performance......Page 218
5.11 Radial Turbines - Design......Page 222
5.13 Ducts - Design......Page 227
5.14 Ducts - Off Design Performance......Page 236
5.15 Air Systems, Turbine NGV and Blade Cooling - Design Point Performance......Page 237
5.17 Mechanical Losses - Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing......Page 241
5.18 Mechanical Losses - Off Design Performance......Page 243
5.19 Mixers - Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing......Page 244
5.21 Afterburners - Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing......Page 247
5.22 Afterburners - Off Design Performance......Page 251
5.23 Heat Exchangers - Design Point Performance and Basic Sizing......Page 253
5.24 Heat Exchangers - Off Design Performance......Page 257
5.25 Alternators - Design Point Performance......Page 258
5.26 Alternators - Off Design Performance......Page 259
Formulae......Page 260
Sample Calculations......Page 272
Charts......Page 285
References......Page 302
6.1 Design Point and Off Design Performance Calculations......Page 304
6.2 Design Point Performance Parameters......Page 305
6.3 Design Point Calculation and Diagram......Page 308
6.6 Ground Rules for Generic Design Point Diagrams......Page 309
6.7 Open Shaft Power Cycles: Generic Design Point Diagrams and Exchange Rates......Page 310
6.9 Closed Cycles: Generic Design Point Diagrams and Exchange Rates......Page 314
6.11 Aircraft Engine Thrust Cycles: Generic Design Point Diagrams and Exchange Rates......Page 315
6.12 The Engine Concept Design Process......Page 318
6.13 Margins Required When Specifying Target Performance Levels......Page 321
Formulae......Page 322
Sample Calculations......Page 324
Charts......Page 345
References......Page 394
7.1 Generic Off Design Characteristics......Page 395
7.2 Off Design Performance Modelling - Methodology......Page 403
7.3 Off Design Performance Modelling - Flow Diagrams and Sample Calculations......Page 405
7.4 Geometric Variation: Modelling and Effects......Page 417
7.6 Off Design Matching: Physical Mechanisms......Page 419
7.7 Exchange Rates......Page 421
7.8 Ratings and Control......Page 422
Sample Calculations......Page 425
Charts......Page 432
References......Page 455
8.1 The Fundamental Transient Mechanism......Page 456
8.2 Transient Performance Manoeuvres......Page 457
8.3 Engine Accel and Decel Requirements......Page 463
8.4 Transient Performance Phenomena......Page 465
8.5 Operability Concerns......Page 467
8.6 Surge, Rotating Stall and Locked Stall - the Events and their Detection......Page 469
8.7 Surge Margin Requirements and the Surge Margin Stack Up......Page 471
8.9 Scaling Parameter Groups and Transient Performance......Page 472
8.10 Control Strategies During Transient Manoeuvres......Page 473
8.11 Transient Performance and Control Models......Page 477
Formulae......Page 484
Sample Calculations......Page 486
References......Page 487
9.1 The Fundamental Starting Process......Page 489
9.2 Start Processes for Major Engine Types and Applications......Page 494
9.3 Engine Start Requirements......Page 497
9.4 The Impact of Ambient Temperature and Pressure......Page 499
9.5 Operability Issues......Page 501
9.7 Control Strategies During Start Manoeuvres......Page 502
9.8 Starter System Variants and Selection......Page 503
9.9 Start and Control Models......Page 507
Formulae......Page 508
Sample Calculations......Page 509
References......Page 512
10.1 Turbojet Windmilling......Page 513
10.2 Turbofan Windmilling......Page 516
10.3 Turboprop Windmilling......Page 517
10.5 Marine Engine Windmilling......Page 518
10.9 Windmill Computer Modelling......Page 519
Sample Calculations......Page 520
Charts......Page 523
References......Page 530
11.1 Types of Engine Test Bed......Page 531
11.2 Measurements and Instrumentation......Page 537
11.3 Test Bed Calibration......Page 553
11.4 Steady State Development Testing......Page 554
11.5 Transient Development Testing......Page 557
11.7 Production Pass Off......Page 559
11.8 Test Data Analysis......Page 561
Formulae......Page 566
Sample Calculations......Page 570
References......Page 574
12.1 Gas Properties......Page 576
12.2 Humidity......Page 577
12.3 Water Injection......Page 578
12.4 Steam Injection......Page 583
12.5 Condensation......Page 585
12.6 Rain and Ice Ingestion......Page 586
12.7 The Thermodynamics of Water......Page 587
12.8 Gas Turbine Performance Modelling and Test Data Analysis......Page 589
Formulae......Page 593
Sample Calculations......Page 595
Charts......Page 597
References......Page 598
13.1 The Combustion Process and Gas Turbine Fuel Types......Page 599
13.2 Data Base of Key Fuel Properties for Performance Calculations......Page 601
13.3 Synthesis Exchange Rates for Primary Fuel Types......Page 604
Formulae......Page 605
Sample Calculations......Page 607
Charts......Page 609
References......Page 610
14.1 Instrumentation and Test Data Analysis......Page 611
14.2 Traditional In-Service Performance Issues......Page 612
14.3 Unit Health Monitoring......Page 613
14.4 Other Services......Page 617
References......Page 618
15.1 The Business Case for a Gas Turbine Project......Page 619
15.2 Coupling the Business Case to the Performance Model......Page 623
15.4 Business Case Exchange Rates......Page 625
Sample Calculations......Page 626
References......Page 628
A.1 International Station Numbering and Nomenclature Standards......Page 629
A.2 ARP 755A Station Numbering......Page 630
A.3 Nomenclature......Page 631
References......Page 635
B.4 Emissions (Approx.)......Page 637
B.8 Length......Page 638
B.15 Specific Energy......Page 639
B.22 Torque......Page 640
References......Page 641
A......Page 643
C......Page 644
D......Page 647
F......Page 648
H......Page 649
I......Page 650
M......Page 651
P......Page 652
R......Page 653
S......Page 654
T......Page 655
V......Page 657
Y......Page 658