Gas Installation Technology, Second Edition

Gas\nInstallation\nTechnology......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Introduction......Page 13
Acknowledgements......Page 14
Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 17
Part 1 The Gas Industry......Page 19
The Gas Industry......Page 20
Nationally Accredited Certification Scheme for Individual Gas Fitting Operatives (ACS)......Page 22
Required ACS Assessments and Flowcharts......Page 24
Legislation Affecting the Gas Installer 1......Page 28
Legislation Affecting the Gas Installer 2......Page 30
Industry Documents and British Standards......Page 32
Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations......Page 34
Part 2 Gas Utilisation......Page 37
Gas: Its Origin......Page 38
Characteristics and Properties of Gases......Page 40
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)......Page 44
The Combustion Process......Page 46
Air Requirements for Combustion......Page 48
Products of Combustion......Page 50
The Gas Flame......Page 52
Flame Pattern and Characteristics......Page 54
Atmospheric Burners......Page 56
Pre-mix Burners......Page 58
Gas Pressure and Flow......Page 60
Gas Pressure Readings......Page 62
Quick Reference Guide to Taking Pressures......Page 64
Estimating a Suitable Pipe Size......Page 66
Domestic Natural Gas Pipe Sizing......Page 68
Commercial Pipe Sizing......Page 70
Determining Existing Losses Due to Pipe Size......Page 72
Gas Rates and Heat Input......Page 74
Quick Reference Tables: Gas Rate/Heat Input......Page 76
The Physical Laws Relating to Gas......Page 78
Measurement of Gas 1......Page 80
Measurement of Gas 2......Page 82
Part 3 Gas Controls......Page 87
Quarter Turn Gas Control Valves......Page 88
Screw Down Gas Control Valves......Page 90
Spring Loaded Gas Control Valves......Page 92
Electrically Operated Gas Control Valves......Page 94
Heat Operated Gas Control Valves......Page 96
Pressure Operated Controls Valves......Page 98
Low and High Pressure Cut-off Devices......Page 100
Pressure Regulators......Page 102
LPG Regulators 1......Page 106
LPG Regulators 2......Page 108
Flame Supervision Devices......Page 110
Testing Flame Supervision Devices......Page 116
Thermostatic Control......Page 118
Multi-functional Gas Valve 1......Page 120
Multi-functional Gas Valve 2......Page 122
Ignition Devices......Page 124
Vitiation Sensing Devices......Page 126
Pressure and Flow Proving Devices......Page 128
Part 4 Installation Practices......Page 131
Polyethylene Pipe Jointing......Page 132
Copper Pipe Jointing......Page 134
Mild Steel Pipe Jointing......Page 136
Semi-rigid and Flexible Pipe Connections......Page 138
Gas Service Pipework......Page 140
Connections to High Rise Buildings......Page 144
Gas Meter Installations......Page 146
Commercial Gas Installations......Page 150
Internal Installation Pipework......Page 152
Pipework Laid in Floors......Page 154
Pipework in Walls......Page 156
Pipework Support and Allowance for Movement......Page 158
Timber Framed Dwellings......Page 160
LPG Supply......Page 162
LPG Cylinder Installation......Page 164
Storage and Transportation of LPG Cylinders......Page 166
LPG Bulk Tank Installation......Page 168
Gas Supplies from a Bulk Tank Installation......Page 170
LPG Vapour Take-off Capacity......Page 172
Pipe Sizing LPG Installations......Page 174
Part 5 Tightness Testing......Page 177
Tightness Testing and Purging......Page 178
Testing Equipment......Page 180
Tightness Testing with Air (Domestic)......Page 182
Tightness Testing Natural Gas Installations with System Volumes ≤ 0.035 m3 (i.e. Domestic)......Page 184
Purging Natural Gas Systems with a Volume ≤ 0.035 m3 (i.e. Domestic)......Page 188
Tightness Testing and Purging with LPG (Domestic)......Page 190
Strength Testing for Commercial Pipework......Page 194
Commercial Tightness Testing......Page 198
Direct Purging Commercial Pipework......Page 204
Commercial Purging Procedure......Page 210
Indirect Purging Using Nitrogen (N2)......Page 212
Part 6 Flues and Chimneys......Page 215
Flue/Chimney Classification......Page 216
Chimney/Flue Material and Specification......Page 218
Natural Draught Open Flue Systems......Page 220
Installation of an Open Flue Chimney......Page 222
Minimum Open Flue Heights 1......Page 224
Minimum Open Flue Heights 2......Page 226
Open Flue Terminal Design and Location......Page 228
Condensation within Open Flue Systems......Page 230
Brick Chimneys......Page 232
Flexible Stainless Steel Flue Liners......Page 234
Pre-cast Flue Blocks......Page 236
Pipes Used for Chimneys......Page 238
Fan Draught Open Flue Chimney Systems......Page 240
Shared Open Flue Chimney Systems......Page 242
Checking and Testing Open Flue Systems......Page 244
Room Sealed Flue Chimneys......Page 246
Fan Assisted Room Sealed Flue Appliance......Page 248
Room Sealed and Fan Flue Terminal Locations......Page 250
Shared Room Sealed Flue Systems......Page 252
Fan Dilution System......Page 254
Flue Gas Analysis......Page 256
Test Equipment for Flue Gas Analysis......Page 258
Part 7 Ventilation......Page 261
Need for Ventilation......Page 262
Ventilation Location......Page 264
Effective Ventilation......Page 266
Purge Ventilation (Rapid Ventilation)......Page 268
Ventilation Sizing and Tables......Page 270
Ventilation Calculations 1......Page 274
Ventilation Calculations 2......Page 278
Domestic Ventilation Ready Reckoner......Page 282
Part 8 Gas Installer Responsibility......Page 285
Commissioning Gas Installations/Appliances......Page 286
Servicing Gas Installations/Appliances......Page 292
Installation of Second-hand Appliances......Page 294
Gas Safety and Landlord Inspections......Page 296
Gas Industry Unsafe Situations......Page 298
Dealing with Unsafe Situations......Page 300
Gas Escape Procedures......Page 302
Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR)......Page 304
Carbon Monoxide Detection......Page 306
Ambient Air Measurements for CO......Page 308
Combustion Performance Analysis......Page 310
Maximum Combustion CO/CO2 Ratios......Page 312
Part 9 Domestic Appliances......Page 315
Gas Fires and Space Heaters......Page 316
Component Parts of a Gas Fire......Page 318
Open Flued Radiant Convector Gas Fires......Page 320
Open Flued Solid Fuel Effect Fires and Heaters......Page 322
Installation of Open Flued Gas Fires 1......Page 324
Installation of Open Flued Gas Fires 2......Page 326
Installation of Open Flued Gas Fires 3......Page 328
Decorative Fuel Effect (DFE) Gas Fires......Page 330
Fan Flued and Room Sealed Heaters......Page 332
Flueless Space Heaters......Page 334
Commissioning and Servicing Space Heaters......Page 336
Domestic Gas Cookers......Page 340
Installation of Cooking Appliances......Page 344
Domestic Flued Cooking Range......Page 346
Commissioning and Servicing Cookers......Page 348
Instantaneous Gas Water Heaters......Page 352
Instantaneous Water Heater Operation......Page 354
Gas Storage Water Heaters......Page 358
Installation of Water Heaters......Page 360
Commissioning and Servicing of Water Heaters......Page 362
Domestic Gas Boilers......Page 366
Conventional or Regular Gas Boilers......Page 368
The Combination Boiler......Page 370
The Condensing Boiler......Page 372
Installation of Domestic Gas Boilers......Page 374
Commissioning and Servicing Gas Boilers......Page 376
Domestic Ducted Warm Air Heaters......Page 380
Installations of Warm Air Heaters......Page 382
Commissioning and Servicing Warm Air Heaters......Page 384
Domestic Tumble Dryers......Page 388
Installation of Domestic Tumble Dryers......Page 390
Domestic Gas Refrigerators......Page 392
Leisure Appliances......Page 394
Greenhouse Heaters and Gas Pokers......Page 396
Part 10 Commercial Appliances......Page 399
Commercial Boilers......Page 400
Commercial Boiler Gas Control Systems......Page 402
Commercial Warm Air Heaters......Page 404
Commercial Direct Fired Air Heaters......Page 406
Commercial Indirect Fired Air Heaters......Page 408
Overhead Radiant Heaters......Page 410
Ventilation for Overhead Radiant Heaters......Page 414
Commercial Laundry Equipment......Page 416
Boosters and Compressors......Page 420
Commercial Catering......Page 424
Catering Establishments......Page 426
Ventilation/Extraction in Commercial Kitchens......Page 428
Commercial Cookers and Ovens......Page 430
Specialist Ovens and Steamers......Page 432
Boiling Pans, Hot Cupboards and Bains Marie......Page 434
Grills, Griddles and Fryers......Page 436
Drinking Water Boilers......Page 438
Mobile Catering Units......Page 440
Part 11 Non-permanent Dwellings......Page 443
Residential Park Homes......Page 444
Leisure Accommodation Vehicles......Page 446
Caravan Holiday Homes......Page 448
Touring and Motorised Caravans......Page 450
Gas Supply on Boats......Page 452
Pipework Installation on Boats......Page 454
Appliances and Ventilation for Boats......Page 456
Part 12 Electrical Work......Page 459
Electricity......Page 460
Electrical Safety......Page 462
Bonding......Page 464
Safe Isolation......Page 466
Inspection and Testing......Page 468
Fault Diagnosis of Basic Electrical Controls......Page 470
Glossary......Page 473
Index......Page 493