Galilee: From Alexander the Great to Hadrian 323 Bce to 135 Ce : A Study of Second Temple Judaism

TITLE PAGE......Page 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 5
INTRODUCTION......Page 9
PART ONE: GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL......Page 19
CHAPTER ONE: THE GEOGRAPHY OF GALILEE AND ITS HUMAN SETTLEMENT......Page 21
I. The Location of Political Galilee in the Larger Geographic Region......Page 22
II. The Hill Country of Galilee......Page 27
(i) Lower Galilee......Page 28
(ii) Upper Galilee......Page 30
(iii) The Valley......Page 32
(iv) Some Tentative Conclusions......Page 33
III. The Earliest Records of Human Habitation in Galilee......Page 34
Notes......Page 38
CHAPTER TWO: GALILEE, THE RISE OF HELLENISM AND THE JEWISH RESPONSE......Page 40
I. The Situation on the Eve of Alexander's Conquest......Page 41
II. Galilee under Ptolemies and Seleucids......Page 45
III. Galilee and the Hellenistic Reform......Page 53
IV. Galilee as Part of the Hasmonaean State......Page 59
Conclusion......Page 68
Notes......Page 69
I. From Pompey to Caesar, 64-44 B.C.E.......Page 75
II. Herod and Galilee, 47-4 B.C.E.......Page 81
III. Galilee under Antipas, 4 B.C.E. - 39 C.E.......Page 86
IV. From Antipas to the Great Revolt, 39 - 66 C.E.......Page 89
V. Galilee from 66-135 C.E.......Page 96
Conclusion......Page 109
Notes......Page 110
PART TWO: SOCIAL AND CULTURAL......Page 117
CHAPTER FOUR: THE CITIES AND THE HELLENISTIC ETHOS OF GALILEE.......Page 119
(i) Ptolemais/Accho......Page 122
(ii) Scythopolis/Beth Shean......Page 126
(iii) Philoteria, Antiochia and Seleucia......Page 131
(iv) Tyre......Page 132
II. The Second Phase of Urbanization: The Roman Period......Page 139
(i) Sepphoris.......Page 140
(ii) Tiberias......Page 147
(iii) The Dekapolis and Other Greco-Roman Towns......Page 152
III. Galilee of the Gentiles - Fact or Fiction?......Page 156
Notes......Page 164
CHAPTER FIVE: ECONOMIC REALITIES AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION......Page 173
I. Land Ownership in Galilee......Page 174
(i) The Rise of Agro-and Other Industries......Page 188
(ii) The Distribution of Wealth......Page 194
(iii) The Burden of Taxation......Page 201
III. Social Stratification in Galilee......Page 212
Notes......Page 219
CHAPTER SIX: HOW REVOLUTIONARY WAS GALILEE?......Page 226
I. The Nature of Galilean Resistance to Herod the Great......Page 229
II. Judas the Galilean and Jesus of Nazareth as Focal Points for Galilean Revolutionary Ideology?......Page 234
III. Galilean Revolutionary Aspirations and the Revolt Against Rome......Page 247
(i) Jesus of Tiberias......Page 252
(ii) Justus of Tiberias......Page 254
(iii) John of Gischala......Page 256
(iv) Josephus......Page 259
General Conclusion......Page 263
Notes......Page 266
PART THREE: RELIGIOUS......Page 275
CHAPTER SEVEN: THE GALILEANS AND THE TEMPLE......Page 277
I. Pagan Worship in Galilee - New Symbols for Old?......Page 279
(i) The Reform Attempt in Jerusalem......Page 280
(ii) The Impact of the Reform in Galilee......Page 284
II. The Galileans and the Jerusalem Temple......Page 293
(i) The Galileans and Temple Offerings......Page 295
(ii) The Galileans and the Tithes......Page 299
(iii) The Galileans and the Pilgrimage to Jerusalem......Page 305
III. The Nature of Galilean Loyalty to the Temple......Page 311
Notes......Page 316
CHAPTER EIGHT: GALILEE AND THE HALAKHAH......Page 323
I. Galilee and the Halakhah Prior to 70 C.E.......Page 327
II. Galilee's Response to the Reorganization of Jamnia......Page 341
III. Possible Alternatives to Pharisaism in Galilee......Page 347
Notes......Page 353
(i) Acts and Galilean Christianity......Page 362
(ii) Rabbinic Evidence......Page 365
(iii) Later Christian Sources......Page 366
II. The Topography of the Gospels and Galilean Christianity......Page 374
(i) The Gospel of Mark......Page 375
(ii) The Gospel of Matthew......Page 378
(iii) The Gospel of Luke......Page 382
(iv) The Fourth Gospel......Page 385
III. Christianity in Galilee: Some Reflections......Page 390
Notes......Page 399
RETROSPECT......Page 410
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 413
(ii) Rabbinic Sources......Page 416
(iv) Jewish Christian and Pagan Writers......Page 417
(v) Inscriptions, Papyri......Page 418
(vi) Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, etc......Page 419
II. Modern Books and Articles......Page 420
I. Old Testament......Page 455
IV. New Testament......Page 458
1. Josephus......Page 462
1. Mishnah......Page 470
3. Palestinian Talmud......Page 472
4. Babylonian Talmud......Page 473
VII. Graeco-Roman Authors......Page 474
VIII. Christian Writers......Page 475
IX. Papyri......Page 476
INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS......Page 477
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 486
INDEX OF PEOPLE AND PLACES......Page 495