Física conceptual

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Conceptual Physics Photo Album
To the Student
To the Instructor
Acknowledgments
1 About Science
	1.1 Scientific Measurements
		How Eratosthenes Measured the Size of Earth
		Size of the Moon
		Distance to the Moon
		Distance to the Sun
		Size of the Sun
		Mathematics—The Language of Science
	1.2 Scientific Methods
		The Scientific Attitude
	1.3 Science, Art, and Religion
		Pseudoscience
	1.4 Science and Technology
		Risk Assesment
	1.5 Physics—The Basic Science
	1.6 In Perspective
Part One Mechanics
	2 Newton’s First Law of Motion–Inertia
		2.1 Aristotle on Motion
			Copernicus and the Moving Earth
			Aristotle (384–322 bc)
		2.2 Galileo’s Experiments
			Leaning Tower
			Inclined Planes
			Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)
		2.3 Newton’s First Law of Motion
			Personal Essay
		2.4 Net Force and Vectors
			Force Vectors
		2.5 The Equilibrium Rule
			Practicing Physics
		2.6 Support Force
		2.7 Equilibrium of Moving Things
		2.8 The Moving Earth
	3 Linear Motion
		3.1 Motion Is Relative
		3.2 Speed
			Instantaneous Speed
			Average Speed
		3.3 Velocity
			Constant Velocity
			Changing Velocity
		3.4 Acceleration
			Acceleration on Galileo’s Inclined Planes
		3.5 Free Fall
			How Fast
			How Far
			Hang Time
			How Quickly “How Fast” Changes
		3.6 Velocity Vectors
	4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
		4.1 Force Causes Acceleration
		4.2 Friction
		4.3 Mass and Weight
			Mass Resists Acceleration
		4.4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
		4.5 When Acceleration Is g—Free Fall
		4.6 When Acceleration Is Less Than g—Nonfree Fall
	5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
		5.1 Forces and Interactions
		5.2 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
			Defining Your System
		5.3 Action and Reaction on Different Masses
			Practicing Physics: Tug-of-War
		5.4 Vectors and the Third Law
		5.5 Summary of Newton’s Three Laws
	6 Momentum
		6.1 Momentum
		6.2 Impulse
		6.3 Impulse Changes Momentum
			Case 1: Increasing Momentum
			Case 2: Decreasing Momentum Overa Long Time
			Case 3: Decreasing Momentum Overa Short Time
		6.4 Bouncing
		6.5 Conservation of Momentum
			Conservation Laws
		6.6 Collisions
		6.7 More Complicated Collisions
	7 Energy
		7.1 Work
			Power
			Mechanical Energy
		7.2 Potential Energy
		7.3 Kinetic Energy
		7.4 Work–Energy Theorem
		7.5 Conservation of Energy
			Energy and Technology
			Circus Physics
			Recycled Energy
		7.6 Machines
		7.7 Efficiency
		7.8 Sources of Energy
			Junk Science
	8 Rotational Motion
		8.1 Circular Motion
			Whels on Railroad Trains
		8.2 Rotational Inertia
		8.3 Torque
		8.4 Center of Mass and Center of Gravity
			Locating the Center of Gravity
			Stability
		8.5 Centripetal Force
			Practicing Physics:Water-Bucket Swing
		8.6 Centrifugal Force
			Centrifugal Force in a Rotating Reference Frame
			Simulated Gravity
		8.7 Angular Momentum
		8.8 Conservation of Angular Momentum
	9 Gravity
		9.1 The Universal Law of Gravity
		9.2 The Universal Gravitational Constant, G
		9.3 Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law
		9.4 Weight and Weightlessness
		9.5 Ocean Tides
			Tides in the Earth and Atmosphere
			Tidal Bulges on the Moon
		9.6 Gravitational Fields
			Gravitational Field Inside a Planet
			Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation
		9.7 Black Holes
		9.8 Universal Gravitation
	10 Projectile and Satellite Motion
		10.1 Projectile Motion
			Projectiles Launched Horizontally
			Projectiles Launched at an Angle
			Practicing Physics: Hands-On Dangling Beads
			Hang Time Revisited
		10.2 Fast-Moving Projectiles—Satellites
		10.3 Circular Satellite Orbits
		10.4 Elliptical Orbits
			World Monitoring by Satelite
		10.5 Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
			Finding Your Way
		10.6 Energy Conservation and Satellite Motion
		10.7 Escape Speed
Part Two Properties of Matter
	11 The Atomic Nature of Matter
		11.1 The Atomic Hypothesis
			Faling Alice
		11.2 Characteristics of Atoms
		11.3 Atomic Imagery
		11.4 Atomic Structure
			The Elements
		11.5 The Periodic Table of the Elements
			Relative Sizes of Atoms
		11.6 Isotopes
		11.7 Compounds and Mixtures
		11.8 Molecules
		11.9 Antimatter
			Dark Matter
	12 Solids
		12.1 Crystal Structure
			Crystal Power
		12.2 Density
		12.3 Elasticity
		12.4 Tension and Compression
			Practicing Physics: stick strength
		12.5 Arches
			Additive Manufacturing or 3-D Printing
		12.6 Scaling
	13 Liquids
		13.1 Pressure
		13.2 Pressure in a Liquid
		13.3 Buoyancy
		13.4 Archimedes’ Principle
		13.5 What Makes an Object Sink or Float?
		13.6 Flotation
			Floating Mountains
		13.7 Pascal’s Principle
		13.8 Surface Tension
		13.9 Capillarity
	14 Gases
		14.1 The Atmosphere
		14.2 Atmospheric Pressure
			The Barometer
		14.3 Boyle’s Law
		14.4 Buoyancy of Air
		14.5 Bernoulli’s Principle
			Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
			Practicing Physics
		14.6 Plasma
			Plasma in the Everyday World
			Plasma Power
Part Three Heat
	15 Temperature, Heat,and Expansion
		15.1 Temperature
		15.2 Heat
			Measuring Heat
		15.3 Specific Heat Capacity
		15.4 The High Specific Heat Capacity of Water
		15.5 Thermal Expansion
			Expansion of Water
			Life at the Extremes
	16 Heat Transfer
		16.1 Conduction
		16.2 Convection
			Practicing Physics
		16.3 Radiation
			Emission of Radiant Energy
			Absorption of Radiant Energy
			Reflection of Radiant Energy
			Cooling at Night by Radiation
		16.4 Newton’s Law of Cooling
		16.5 The Greenhouse Effect
		16.6 Climate Change
		16.7 Solar Power
			Practicing Physics
		16.8 Controlling Heat Transfer
	17 Change of Phase
		17.1 Phases of Matter
		17.2 Evaporation
		17.3 Condensation
			Condensation in the Atmosphere
			Fog and Clouds
		17.4 Boiling
			Geysers
			Boiling Is a Cooling Process
			Boiling and Freezing at the Same Time
		17.5 Melting and Freezing
			Regelation
		17.6 Energy and Changes of Phase
			Practicing Physics
	18 Thermodynamics
		18.1 Thermodynamics
		18.2 Absolute Zero
			Internal Energy
		18.3 First Law of Thermodynamics
		18.4 Adiabatic Processes
		18.5 Meteorology and the First Law
		18.6 Second Law of Thermodynamics
			Heat Engines
			Thermodynamics Dramatized!
		18.7 Energy Tends to Disperse
		18.8 Entropy
Part Four Sound
	19 Vibrations and Waves
		19.1 Good Vibrations
			Vibration of a Pendulum
		19.2 Wave Description
		19.3 Wave Motion
			Practicing Physics
			Transverse Waves
			Longitudinal Waves
		19.4 Wave Speed
		19.5 Wave Interference
			Standing Waves
		19.6 Doppler Effect
		19.7 Bow Waves
		19.8 Shock Waves
	20 Sound
		20.1 Nature of Sound
			Origin of Sound
			Media That Transmit Sound
		20.2 Sound in Air
			Loudspeaker
			Speed of Sound in Air
			Practicing Physics
			Energy in Sound Waves
		20.3 Reflection of Sound
		20.4 Refraction of Sound
		20.5 Forced Vibrations
			Natural Frequency
		20.6 Resonance
		20.7 Interference
		20.8 Beats
			Radio Broadcasts
	21 Musical Sounds
		21.1 Noise and Music
		21.2 Pitch
		21.3 Sound Intensity and Loudness
		21.4 Quality
		21.5 Musical Instruments
		21.6 Fourier Analysis
		21.7 From Analog to Digital
Part Five Electricity and Magnetism
	22 Electrostatics
		22.1 Electricity
			Electrical Forces
		22.2 Electric Charges
		22.3 Conservation of Charge
			Electronics Technology and Sparks
		22.4 Coulomb’s Law
		22.5 Conductors and Insulators
			Semiconductors
			Superconductors
		22.6 Charging
			Charging by Friction and Contact
			Charging by Induction
		22.7 Charge Polarization
		22.8 Electric Field
			Microwave Oven
			Electric Shielding
		22.9 Electric Potential
			Electric Energy Storage
			Van de Graaff Generator
	23 Electric Current
		23.1 Flow of Charge and Electric Current
		23.2 Voltage Sources
		23.3 Electrical Resistance
		23.4 Ohm’s Law
			Ohm’s Law and Electric Shock
		23.5 Direct Current and Alternating Current
			Converting AC to DC
		23.6 Speed and Source of Electrons in a Circuit
		23.7 Electric Power
		23.8 Lamps
		23.9 Electric Circuits
			Series Circuits
			Fuel Cels
			Parallel Circuits
			Parallel Circuits and Overloading
			Safety Fuses
	24 Magnetism
		24.1 Magnetism
		24.2 Magnetic Poles
		24.3 Magnetic Fields
		24.4 Magnetic Domains
		24.5 Electric Currents and Magnetic Fields
			Practicing Physics
		24.6 Electromagnets
			Superconducting Electromagnets
		24.7 Magnetic Forces
			On Moving Charged Particles
			On Current-Carrying Wires
			Electric Meters
			Electric Motors
		24.8 Earth’s Magnetic Field
			Cosmic Rays
		24.9 Biomagnetism
			MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
	25 Electromagnetic Induction
		25.1 Electromagnetic Induction
		25.2 Faraday’s Law
		25.3 Generators and Alternating Current
		25.4 Power Production
			Turbogenerator Power
			MHD Power
		25.5 Transformers
		25.6 Self-Induction
		25.7 Power Transmission
		25.8 Field Induction
Part Six Light
	26 Properties of Light
		26.1 Electromagnetic Waves
		26.2 Electromagnetic Wave Velocity
		26.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
			Fractal Antenas
		26.4 Transparent Materials
		26.5 Opaque Materials
			Shadows
		26.6 Seeing Light—The Eye
	27 Color
		27.1 Color in Our World
		27.2 Selective Reflection
		27.3 Selective Transmission
		27.4 Mixing Colored Lights
			Primary Colors
			Complementary Colors
		27.5 Mixing Colored Pigments
		27.6 Why the Sky Is Blue
		27.7 Why Sunsets Are Red
			Practicing Physics
		27.8 Why Clouds Are White
		27.9 Why Water Is Greenish Blue
	28 Reflection and Refraction
		28.1 Reflection
			Principle of Least Time
		28.2 Law of Reflection
			Plane Mirrors
			Diffuse Reflection
		28.3 Refraction
			Index of Refraction
			Mirage
		28.4 Cause of Refraction
		28.5 Dispersion and Rainbows
		28.6 Total Internal Reflection
		28.7 Lenses
			Image Formation by a Lens
			Practicing Physics
		28.8 Lens Defects
	29 Light Waves
		29.1 Huygens’ Principle
		29.2 Diffraction
		29.3 Superposition and Interference
		29.4 Thin-Film Interference
			Single-Color Thin-Film Interference
			Interference Colors
			Practicing Physics
		29.5 Polarization
			Three-Dimensional Viewing
		29.6 Holography
	30 Light Emission
		30.1 Light Emission
		30.2 Excitation
		30.3 Emission Spectra
		30.4 Incandescence
		30.5 Absorption Spectra
		30.6 Fluorescence
		30.7 Phosphorescence
		30.8 Lamps
			Incandescent Lamp
			Fluorescent Lamp
			Compact Fluorescent Lamp
			Light-Emitting Diode
		30.9 Lasers
	31 Light Quanta
		31.1 Birth of the Quantum Theory
		31.2 Quantization and Planck’s Constant
		31.3 Photoelectric Effect
		31.4 Wave–Particle Duality
		31.5 Double-Slit Experiment
		31.6 Particles as Waves: Electron Diffraction
		31.7 Uncertainty Principle
		31.8 Complementarity
			Predictability and Chaos
Part Seven Atomic and Nuclear Physics
	32 The Atom and the Quantum
		32.1 Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus
		32.2 Discovery of the Electron
		32.3 Atomic Spectra: Clues to Atomic Structure
		32.4 Bohr Model of the Atom
		32.5 Explanation of Quantized Energy Levels: Electron Waves
		32.6 Quantum Mechanics
		32.7 Correspondence Principle
			Higs Boson
	33 The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity
		33.1 X -rays and Radioactivity
		33.2 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays
		33.3 Environmental Radiation
			Units of Radiation
			Doses of Radiation
			Radioactive Tracers
		33.4 The Atomic Nucleus and the Strong Force
		33.5 Radioactive Half-Life
		33.6 Radiation Detectors
		33.7 Transmutation of Elements
			Natural Transmutation
			Artificial Transmutation
		33.8 Radiometric Dating
			Food Irradiation
	34 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
		34.1 Nuclear Fission
		34.2 Nuclear Fission Reactors
			Plutonium
		34.3 The Breeder Reactor
		34.4 Fission Power
		34.5 Mass–Energy Equivalence
			Physics at Airport Security
		34.6 Nuclear Fusion
		34.7 Controlling Fusion
Part Eight Relativity
	35 Special Theory of Relativity
		35.1 Motion Is Relative
			Michelson–Morley Experiment
		35.2 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity
		35.3 Simultaneity
		35.4 Spacetime and Time Dilation
			Clockwatching on a Troley Car Ride
			The Twin Trip
		35.5 Addition of Velocities
			Space Travel
			Century Hoping
		35.6 Length Contraction
		35.7 Relativistic Momentum
		35.8 Mass, Energy, and E 5 mc 2
		35.9 The Correspondence Principle
	36 General Theory of Relativity
		36.1 Principle of Equivalence
		36.2 Bending of Light by Gravity
		36.3 Gravity and Time: Gravitational Red Shift
		36.4 Gravity and Space: Motion of Mercury
		36.5 Gravity, Space, anda New Geometry
		36.6 Gravitational Waves
		36.7 Newtonian and Einsteinian Gravitation
Epilogue
Appendix A On Measurement and Unit Conversions
Appendix B More About Motion
Appendix C Graphing
Appendix D Vector Applications
Appendix E Exponential Growth and Doubling Time
Odd-Numbered Answers
Glossary
Credits
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
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	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z