Fundamentals of Wireless Communication

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Structure of the book......Page 17
How to use this book......Page 18
Acknowledgements......Page 20
Notation......Page 22
1.1 Book objective......Page 25
1.2 Wireless systems......Page 26
1.3 Book outline......Page 29
2.1 Physical modeling for wireless channels......Page 34
2.1.1 Free space, fixed transmit and receive antennas......Page 36
2.1.2 Free space, moving antenna......Page 37
2.1.3 Reflecting wall, fixed antenna......Page 38
2.1.4 Reflecting wall, moving antenna......Page 40
2.1.5 Reflection from a ground plane......Page 41
2.1.6 Power decay with distance and shadowing......Page 42
2.1.7 Moving antenna, multiple reflectors......Page 43
2.2.1 The wireless channel as a linear time-varying system......Page 44
2.2.2 Baseband equivalent model......Page 46
2.2.3 A discrete-time baseband model......Page 49
2.2.4 Additive white noise......Page 53
2.3.1 Doppler spread and coherence time......Page 54
2.3.2 Delay spread and coherence bandwidth......Page 55
2.4.1 Modeling philosophy......Page 58
2.4.2 Rayleigh and Rician fading......Page 60
2.4.3 Tap gain auto-correlation function......Page 61
2.6 Exercises......Page 66
CHAPTER 3 Point-to-point communication: detection, diversity, and channel uncertainty......Page 73
3.1.1 Non-coherent detection......Page 74
3.1.2 Coherent detection......Page 76
3.1.3 From BPSK to QPSK: exploiting the degrees of freedom......Page 80
3.1.4 Diversity......Page 83
3.2.1 Repetition coding......Page 84
3.2.2 Beyond repetition coding......Page 88
3.3.1 Receive diversity......Page 95
Alamouti scheme......Page 97
The determinant criterion for space-time code design......Page 98
Degrees of freedom......Page 101
Spatial multiplexing......Page 103
Low-complexity detection: the decorrelator......Page 104
3.4.1 Basic concept......Page 107
3.4.2 Single-carrier with ISI equalization......Page 108
Frequency-selective channel viewed as a MISO channel......Page 109
Error probability analysis......Page 110
Implementing MLSD: the Viterbi algorithm......Page 112
The Rake receiver......Page 115
Performance analysis......Page 117
3.4.4 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing......Page 119
OFDM block length......Page 123
Frequency diversity......Page 124
3.5 Impact of channel uncertainty......Page 126
3.5.1 Non-coherent detection for DS spread-spectrum......Page 127
3.5.2 Channel estimation......Page 129
3.5.3 Other diversity scenarios......Page 131
3.6 Bibliographical notes......Page 134
3.7 Exercises......Page 135
4.1 Introduction......Page 144
4.2 Narrowband cellular systems......Page 147
4.2.1 Narrowband allocations: GSM system......Page 148
Signal characteristics and receiver design......Page 149
4.2.2 Impact on network and system design......Page 150
4.2.3 Impact on frequency reuse......Page 151
4.3 Wideband systems: CDMA......Page 152
4.3.1 CDMA uplink......Page 155
Generation of pseudonoise sequences......Page 156
Statistics of the interference......Page 157
Point-to-point link design......Page 158
IS-95 link design......Page 160
Power control......Page 161
Power control in IS-95......Page 162
Soft handoff......Page 163
Interference averaging and system capacity......Page 165
4.3.2 CDMA downlink......Page 169
Summary 4.2 CDMA......Page 171
4.4.1 Allocation design principles......Page 172
4.4.2 Hopping pattern......Page 174
4.4.3 Signal characteristics and receiver design......Page 176
4.4.4 Sectorization......Page 177
4.6 Exercises......Page 179
CHAPTER 5 Capacity of wireless channels......Page 190
5.1.1 Repetition coding......Page 191
5.1.2 Packing spheres......Page 192
Summary 5.1 Reliable rate of communication and capacity......Page 195
5.2.1 Continuous-time AWGN channel......Page 196
5.2.2 Power and bandwidth......Page 197
5.3.2 Multiple input single output (MISO) channel......Page 203
Transformation to a parallel channel......Page 205
Waterfilling power allocation......Page 207
Does coding across sub-carriers help?......Page 209
5.4 Capacity of fading channels......Page 210
5.4.1 Slow fading channel......Page 211
5.4.2 Receive diversity......Page 213
Alamouti scheme revisited......Page 215
Suboptimal schemes: repetition coding......Page 218
Outage performance of parallel channels......Page 219
A geometric view......Page 221
Extensions......Page 222
Capacity derivation......Page 223
Impact of interleaving......Page 224
Discussion......Page 225
Performance comparison......Page 226
5.4.6 Transmitter side information......Page 227
Fast fading: waterfilling......Page 228
Discussion......Page 230
Waterfilling performance......Page 231
Waterfilling versus channel inversion......Page 233
5.4.8 Summary: a shift in point of view......Page 237
5.6 Exercises......Page 241
CHAPTER 6 Multiuser capacity and opportunistic communication......Page 252
6.1.1 Capacity via successive interference cancellation......Page 253
6.1.3 Comparison with orthogonal multiple access......Page 256
6.1.4 General K-user uplink capacity......Page 258
6.2 Downlink AWGN channel......Page 259
6.2.1 Symmetric case: two capacity-achieving schemes......Page 260
6.2.2 General case: superposition coding achieves capacity......Page 262
6.3.1 Slow fading channel......Page 267
6.3.2 Fast fading channel......Page 269
6.3.3 Full channel side information......Page 271
6.4.1 Channel side information at receiver only......Page 274
6.4.2 Full channel side information......Page 275
6.5 Frequency-selective fading channels......Page 276
6.6.1 Multiuser diversity gain......Page 277
6.7 Multiuser diversity: system aspects......Page 280
Proportional fair scheduling: hitting the peaks......Page 282
Multiuser diversity and superposition coding......Page 284
Multiuser diversity gain in practice......Page 285
6.7.2 Channel prediction and feedback......Page 286
6.7.3 Opportunistic beamforming using dumb antennas......Page 287
Fast fading: increasing channel fluctuations......Page 290
Antennas: dumb, smart and smarter......Page 292
6.7.4 Multiuser diversity in multicell systems......Page 294
6.7.5 A system view......Page 296
6.8 Bibliographical notes......Page 301
6.9 Exercises......Page 302
CHAPTER 7 MIMO I: spatial multiplexing and channel modeling......Page 314
7.1.1 Capacity via singular value decomposition......Page 315
7.1.2 Rank and condition number......Page 318
7.2 Physical modeling of MIMO channels......Page 319
7.2.1 Line-of-sight SIMO channel......Page 320
7.2.2 Line-of-sight MISO channel......Page 322
7.2.3 Antenna arrays with only a line-of-sight path......Page 323
Geographically separated transmit antennas......Page 324
Resolvability in the angular domain......Page 325
Geographically separated receive antennas......Page 329
7.2.5 Line-of-sight plus one reflected path......Page 330
7.3.1 Basic approach......Page 333
7.3.3 Angular domain representation of signals......Page 335
Examples of angular bases......Page 337
Angular domain transformation as DFT......Page 338
7.3.4 Angular domain representation of MIMO channels......Page 339
7.3.5 Statistical modeling in the angular domain......Page 341
7.3.6 Degrees of freedom and diversity......Page 342
Diversity......Page 346
7.3.7 Dependency on antenna spacing......Page 347
Sampling interpretation......Page 350
7.3.8 I.i.d. Rayleigh fading model......Page 351
7.4 Bibliographical notes......Page 353
7.5 Exercises......Page 354
CHAPTER 8 MIMO II: capacity and multiplexing architectures......Page 356
8.1 The V-BLAST architecture......Page 357
8.2 Fast fading MIMO channel......Page 359
8.2.1 Capacity with CSI at receiver......Page 360
High SNR regime......Page 362
Low SNR regime......Page 364
Large antenna array regime......Page 365
Linear scaling: a more in-depth look......Page 367
Capacity......Page 370
Performance analysis......Page 371
8.3 Receiver architectures......Page 372
Geometric derivation......Page 373
Performance in fading channels......Page 376
8.3.2 Successive cancellation......Page 379
Limitation of the decorrelator......Page 380
Derivation of the MMSE receiver......Page 381
Performance......Page 384
MMSE–SIC......Page 385
MMSE is information lossless......Page 386
A time-invariant channel......Page 387
Fading channel......Page 388
8.4 Slow fading MIMO channel......Page 390
8.5.1 Suboptimality of V-BLAST......Page 392
A more careful look......Page 394
8.5.2 Coding across transmit antennas: D-BLAST......Page 395
8.5.3 Discussion......Page 396
8.7 Exercises......Page 398
CHAPTER 9 MIMO III: diversity–multiplexing tradeoff and universal space-time codes......Page 407
9.1.1 Formulation......Page 408
PAM and QAM......Page 410
Optimal tradeoff......Page 413
9.1.3 Parallel Rayleigh channel......Page 414
9.1.4 MISO Rayleigh channel......Page 415
Four schemes revisited......Page 416
Optimal tradeoff......Page 418
Optimal tradeoff......Page 419
Geometric interpretation......Page 421
9.2.1 QAM is approximately universal for scalar channels......Page 422
Universal code design criterion......Page 424
Examples......Page 426
Universal code design criterion at high SNR......Page 427
Property of an approximately universal code......Page 428
Bit-reversal scheme: an operational interpretation of the outage condition......Page 429
MISO channel viewed as a parallel channel......Page 431
Universality of conversion to parallel channel......Page 432
Universal code design criterion......Page 433
Universality of D-BLAST......Page 435
Universal code design criterion......Page 436
Property of an approximately universal code......Page 437
9.3 Bibliographical notes......Page 440
9.4 Exercises......Page 441
CHAPTER 10 MIMO IV: multiuser communication......Page 449
10.1.1 Space-division multiple access......Page 450
10.1.2 SDMA capacity region......Page 452
10.1.3 System implications......Page 455
10.1.4 Slow fading......Page 457
Receiver CSI......Page 460
Full CSI......Page 462
One user at a time policy......Page 463
Optimal power allocation policy......Page 464
10.2.1 SDMA with multiple transmit antennas......Page 466
10.2.2 System implications......Page 468
Receiver CSI......Page 470
10.3.1 Degrees of freedom in the downlink......Page 472
10.3.2 Uplink–downlink duality and transmit beamforming......Page 473
Uplink–downlink duality......Page 474
Transmit beamforming and optimal power allocation......Page 476
Beyond linear strategies......Page 477
Symbol-by-symbol precoding: Tomlinson–Harashima......Page 478
A first attempt......Page 481
Performance......Page 482
Performance enhancement via MMSE estimation......Page 483
Transmitter knowledge of interference is enough......Page 486
Dirty-paper code design......Page 487
Low SNR: opportunistic orthogonal coding......Page 488
Single transmit antenna......Page 489
Multiple transmit antennas......Page 490
Receiver CSI......Page 492
Partial CSI at the base-station: opportunistic beamforming with multiple beams......Page 493
10.4 MIMO downlink......Page 495
10.5 Multiple antennas in cellular networks: a system view......Page 497
10.5.1 Inter-cell interference management......Page 498
SDMA......Page 500
10.5.3 MIMO uplink......Page 502
10.5.5 Downlink with multiple transmit antennas......Page 503
10.6 Bibliographical notes......Page 506
10.7 Exercises......Page 507
A.1.1 Scalar real Gaussian random variables......Page 520
A.1.2 Real Gaussian random vectors......Page 521
A.1.3 Complex Gaussian random vectors......Page 524
A.2.1 Scalar detection......Page 527
A.2.2 Detection in a vector space......Page 528
An alternative view......Page 529
A.2.3 Detection in a complex vector space......Page 531
A.3.1 Scalar estimation......Page 533
A.3.2 Estimation in a vector space......Page 534
A.3.3 Estimation in a complex vector space......Page 535
A.4 Exercises......Page 537
B.1 Discrete memoryless channels......Page 540
B.2 Entropy, conditional entropy and mutual information......Page 542
B.3.1 Reliable communication and conditional entropy......Page 545
B.3.2 A simple upper bound......Page 546
B.3.3 Achieving the upper bound......Page 547
B.3.4 Operational interpretation......Page 549
B.4.1 Analog memoryless channels......Page 550
B.4.2 Derivation of AWGN capacity......Page 551
B.5.1 Upper bound......Page 553
B.5.2 Achievability......Page 554
B.6 Time-invariant parallel channel......Page 556
Ideal interleaving......Page 557
Stationary ergodic fading......Page 558
B.7.2 Fast fading MIMO channel......Page 559
B.8 Outage formulation......Page 560
B.9.1 Capacity region......Page 562
B.9.2 Corner points of the capacity region......Page 563
B.9.3 Fast fading uplink......Page 564
B.10 Exercises......Page 565
References......Page 570
Index......Page 578