Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, Fifth edition

PREFACE......Page 5
1.1.  The Simple Steam Power Plant......Page 17
1.2. Fuel Cells......Page 20
1.3. The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle......Page 21
1.4. The Thermoelectric Refrigerator......Page 23
1.5. The Air Separation Plant......Page 24
1.6. The Gas Turbine......Page 28
1.7. The Chemical Rocket Engine......Page 29
1.8. Environmental Issues......Page 30
2.1. A Thermodynamic System and the Control Volume......Page 32
2.2. Macroscopic Versus Microscopic Point of View......Page 33
2.3. Properties and State of a Substance......Page 34
2.4. Processes and Cycles......Page 35
2.5. Units for Mass, Length, Time, and Force......Page 37
2.6. Energy......Page 40
2.7. Specific Volume......Page 42
2.8. Pressure......Page 43
2.10. The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics......Page 46
2.11. Temperature Scales......Page 47
Problems......Page 48
3.2. Vapor-Liquid-Solid-Phase Equilibrium in a Pure Substance......Page 56
3.3. Independent Properties of a Pure Substance......Page 61
3.4. Equations of State for the Vapor Phase of a Simple Compressible Substance......Page 62
3.5. Tables of Thermodynamic Properties......Page 68
3.6. Computerized Tables......Page 71
3.7. Thermodynamic Surfaces......Page 72
Problems......Page 75
4.1.  Definition of Work......Page 86
4.2. Units for Work......Page 87
4.3. Work Done at the Moving Boundary of a Simple Compressible System......Page 88
4.4. Other Systems that Involve Work......Page 94
4.5. Concluding Remarks Regarding Work......Page 96
4.6. Definition of Heat......Page 98
4.7. Units of Heat......Page 99
4.8. Heat Transfer Modes......Page 100
4.9. Comparison of Heat and Work......Page 101
Problems......Page 103
5.1.  The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Mass Undergoing a Cycle......Page 112
5.2. The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Change in State of a Control Mass......Page 113
5.3. Internal Energy-A Thermodynamic Property......Page 117
5.4. Problem Analysis and Solution Technique......Page 119
5.5. The Thermodynamic Property Enthalpy......Page 124
5.6. The Constant-Volume and Constant-Pressure Specific Heats......Page 127
5.7. The Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heat of Ideal Gases......Page 129
5.8. The First Law as a Rate Equation......Page 136
5.9. Conservation of Mass......Page 137
Problems......Page 138
6.1.  Conservation of Mass and the Control Volume......Page 156
6.2. The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Volume......Page 159
6.3.  The Steady-State, Steady-Flow Process (SSSF)......Page 161
6.4. Examples of Steady-State, Steady-Flow Processes......Page 163
6.5. The Uniform-State, Uniform-Flow Process......Page 179
Problems......Page 189
7.1.  Heat Engines and Refrigerators......Page 207
7.2. The Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 211
7.3. The Reversible Process......Page 214
7.4. Factors that Render Processes Irreversible......Page 215
7.5. The Carnot Cycle......Page 218
7.6. Two Propositions Regarding the Efficiency of a Carnot Cycle......Page 220
7.7. The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale......Page 221
7.8. The Ideal-Gas Temperature Scale......Page 226
Problems......Page 230
8.1.  The Inequality of Clausius......Page 239
8.2. Entropy-A Property of a System......Page 243
8.3. The Entropy of a Pure Substance......Page 245
8.4. Entropy Change in Reversible Processes......Page 247
8.5. The Thermodynamic Property Relation......Page 251
8.6. Entropy Change of a Control Mass During an Irreversible Process......Page 252
8.7. Entropy Generation......Page 254
8.8. Principle of the Increase of Entropy......Page 256
8.10. Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas......Page 260
8.11. The Reversible Polytropic Process for an Ideal Gas......Page 267
8.12. Entropy as a Rate Equation......Page 270
Problems......Page 271
9.1. The Second Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Volume......Page 288
9.2. The Steady-State, Steady-Flow Process and the Uniform-State, Uniform-flow Process......Page 290
9.3. The Reversible Steady-State, Steady-Flow Process......Page 297
9.4. Principle of the Increase of Entropy......Page 300
9.5. Efficiency......Page 301
9.6. Some General Comments Regarding Entropy......Page 307
Problems......Page 308
10.1.  Available Energy, Reversible Work, and Irreversibility......Page 327
10.2. Availability and Second-Law Efficiency......Page 339
Problems......Page 350
11.1.  Introduction to Power Systems......Page 362
11.2. The Rankine Cycle......Page 364
11.3. Effect of Pressure and Temperature on the Rankine Cycle......Page 368
11.4. The Reheat Cycle......Page 372
11.5. The Regemative Cycle......Page 375
11.6. Deviations of Actual Cycles from Ideal Cycles......Page 381
11.7. Cogeneration......Page 387
11.8. Air-Standard Power Cycles......Page 388
11.9. The Brayton Cycle......Page 389
11.10. The Simple Gas-Turbine Cycle with a Regenerator......Page 396
11.11. Gas-Turbine Power Cycle Configurations......Page 399
11.12. The Air-Standard Cycle for Jet Propulsion......Page 402
11.13. The Otto Cycle......Page 403
11.14. The Diesel Cycle......Page 409
11.15. The Stirling Cycle......Page 412
11.16. Introduction to Refrigeration Systems......Page 413
11.17. The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle......Page 414
11.18. Working Fluids for Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems......Page 416
11.19. Deviations of the Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle from the Ideal Cycle......Page 417
11.20. The Ammonia Absorption Refrigeration Cycle......Page 420
11.21.  The Air-Standard Refrigeration Cycle......Page 421
11.22. Combined-Cycle Power and Refrigeration Systems......Page 427
Problems......Page 429
12.1. General Considerations and Mixtures of Ideal Gases......Page 454
12.2. A Simplified Model of a Mixture Involving Gases and a Vapor......Page 461
12.3. The First Law Applied to Gas-Vapor Mixtures......Page 466
12.4. The Adiabatic Saturation Process......Page 469
12.5. Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures......Page 471
12.6. The Psychrometric Chart......Page 472
Problems......Page 473
13.1. The Clapeyron Equation......Page 488
13.2. Mathematical Relations for a Homogeneous Phase......Page 491
13.3. The Maxwell Relations......Page 494
13.4. Some Thermodynamic Relations Involving Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Entropy......Page 497
13.5. Volume Expansivity and Isothermal and Adiabatic Compressibility......Page 502
13.6. Developing Tables of Thermodynamic Properties from Experimental Data......Page 505
13.7. Real Gas Behavior and Equations of State......Page 507
13.8. The Generalized Chart for Changes of Enthalpy at Constant Temperature......Page 512
13.9. The Generalized Chart for Changes of Entropy at Constant Temperature......Page 515
13.10. The Property Relation for Mixtures......Page 518
13.11. Pseudopure Substance Models for Real Gas Mixtures......Page 520
Problems......Page 525
14.1.  Fuels......Page 537
14.2. The Combustion Process......Page 540
14.3. Enthalpy of Formation......Page 548
14.4. First Law Analysis of Reacting Systems......Page 550
14.5. Adiabatic Flame Temperature......Page 556
14.6. Enthalpy and Internal Energy of Combustion; Heat of Reaction......Page 558
14.7. The Third Law of Thermodynamics and Absolute Entropy......Page 562
14.8. Second-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems......Page 563
14.9. Evaluation of Actual Combustion Processes......Page 571
Problems......Page 575
15.1.  Requirements for Equilibrium......Page 589
15.2. Equilibrium Between Two Phases of a Pure Substance......Page 591
15.3. Metastable Equilibrium......Page 595
15.4. Chemical Equilibrium......Page 596
15.5. Simultaneous Reactions......Page 604
15.6. Ionization......Page 608
Problems......Page 612
16.1.  Stagnation Properties......Page 621
16.2. The Momentum Equation for a Control Volume......Page 623
16.3. Forces Acting on a Control Surface......Page 626
16.4. Adiabatic, One-Dimensional, Steady-State Steady Flow of an Incompressible Fluid Through a Nozzle......Page 628
16.5. Velocity of Sound in an Ideal Gas......Page 630
16.6. Reversible, Adiabatic, One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas Through a Nozzle......Page 632
16.7. Mass Rate of Flow of an Ideal Gas Through an Isentropic Nozzle......Page 635
16.8. Normal Shock in an Ideal Gas Flowing Through a Nozzle......Page 640
16.9. Nozzle and Diffuser Coefficients......Page 645
16.10. Nozzle and Orifices as Flow-Measuring Devices......Page 647
Problems......Page 652
CONTENTS OF APPENDIX......Page 659
APPENDIX A SI UNITS: SINGLE STATE PROPERTIES......Page 661
APPENDIX B SI UNITS: THERMODYNAMIC TABLES......Page 680
APPENDIX C ENGLISH UNITS: PROPERTIES AND TABLES......Page 730
APPENDIX D EQUATIONS OF STATE......Page 777
APPENDIX E SPECIFIC HEAT AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE......Page 782
APPENDIX F FIGURES......Page 784
SOME SELECTED REFERENCES......Page 789
ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS......Page 790
INDEX......Page 797