Fundamentals of Site Remediation for Metal and Hydrocarbon-cotaminated Soils

Fundamentals of Site Remediation
Fundamentals of Site Remediation: For Metal and Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils
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Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1
How Did We Get Here?
	1.1 INTRODUCTION
	1.2 BROWNFIELDS
	1.3 CERCLA AND THE SUPERFUND
	1.4 “IT AIN’T OVER ’TIL IT’S OVER”—YOGI BERRA
	QUESTIONS
	References
Chapter 2
Chemistry of Common Contaminant Elements
	2.1 INTRODUCTION
	2.2 THE ELEMENTS
	QUESTIONS
	References
Chapter 3
Hydrocarbon Chemistry and Properties
	3.1 INTRODUCTION
	3.2 STRUCTURE AND NOMENCLATURE
	3.3 PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBON FUELS
	3.4 PETROCHEMICALS
	3.5 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FUELS AND PETROCHEMICALS
	QUESTIONS
	References
Chapter 4
Subsurface Properties and Remediation
	4.1 INTRODUCTION
	4.2 RELEVANT CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY
	4.3 THE COLLOIDAL FRACTION
	4.4 THE BIOLOGICAL COMPONENT
	4.5 RELEVANT SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
	4.6 BASIC HYDROGEOLOGY
	QUESTIONS
	References
Chapter 5
Environmental Site Assessments
	5.1 INTRODUCTION
	5.2 THE PHASE I ESA
	5.3 BEYOND THE PHASE I
	QUESTIONS
	References
Chapter 6
Isolation of the Contaminant Plume
	6.1 INTRODUCTION
	6.2 DIVERTING GROUNDWATER FLOW
	6.3 SUBSURFACE BARRIERS
	6.4 CAPPING
	6.5 OTHER PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
	6.6 TREATMENT OF GROUNDWATER (PUMP-AND-TREAT TECHNOLOGY)
	QUESTIONS
	References
Chapter 7
Extraction Processes
	7.1 INTRODUCTION
	7.2 EXTRACTING SOLUTIONS
	7.3 FLUSHING METALS FROM SOIL
	7.4 FLUSHING ORGANICS FROM SOIL
	7.5 TECHNICAL/PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SOIL FLUSHING
	7.6 THE GOOD AND THE BAD
	7.7 CASE HISTORY
	QUESTIONS
	References
Chapter 8
Solidification/Stabilization
	8.1 INTRODUCTION
	8.2 CEMENT-BASED TECHNOLOGIES
	8.3 ORGANIC STABILIZATION/SOLIDIFICATION
	8.4 FIELD TECHNOLOGIES: EX SITU
	8.5 IN SITU S/S TREATMENT
	8.6 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
	8.7 OVERVIEW OF S/S TECHNOLOGIES
	8.8 CASE HISTORY
	QUESTIONS
	References
Chapter 9
Soil Vapor Extraction
	9.1 INTRODUCTION
	9.2 SITE CHARACTERIZATION
	9.3 FIELD DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
	9.4 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
	9.5 CASE HISTORY 1
	9.6 CASE HISTORY 2
	QUESTIONS
	References
Chapter 10
Permeable Reactive Barriers
	10.1 INTRODUCTION
	10.2 INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION OF PRBS
	10.3 TREATMENT MECHANISMS WITHIN PRBS FOR SPECIFIC CONTAMINANTS
	10.4 CONTAMINANTS SUITABLE TO PRB TREATMENT
	10.5 DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS OF PRB REACTIVE MEDIA
	10.7 SUMMARY OF PRB TECHNOLOGY
	10.8 ADVANTAGES OF PRB TECHNOLOGY
	10.9 DISADVANTAGES OF PRB TECHNOLOGY
	QUESTIONS
	References
Chapter 11
Microbial Remediation
	11.1 INTRODUCTION
	11.2 OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT MICROBIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
	11.3 MICROBIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWTH AND REMEDIATION
	11.4 PATHWAYS OF HYDROCARBON METABOLISM
	11.5 INDIGENOUS VERSUS EXOGENOUS PARTICIPANTS
	11.6 FIELD TECHNOLOGIES
	11.7 BIOREMEDIATION: AN OVERVIEW
	11.8 CASE HISTORY 1
	11.9 CASE HISTORY 2
	QUESTIONS
	References
Chapter 12
Phytoremediation
	12.1 INTRODUCTION
	12.2 PHYTOEXTRACTION OF METALS
	12.3 ORGANIC CONTAMINATION
	12.4 PHYTOSTABILIZATION
	12.5 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
	12.6 SUMMARY
	12.7 CASE HISTORY
	QUESTIONS
	References
Chapter 13
Innovative Technologies
	13.1 INTRODUCTION
	13.2 ELECTROKINETIC REMEDIATION
	13.3 CHEMICAL OXIDATION
	13.4 STEAM ENHANCED RECOVERY
	13.5 PNEUMATIC FRACTURING AND HOT GAS INJECTION
	13.6 RADIO-FREQUENCY HEATING
	13.7 IN SITU VITRIFICATION
	QUESTIONS
	References
Chapter 14
Nanotechnology in Site Remediation
	14.1 INTRODUCTION
	14.2 NANOPARTICLE TYPES FOR REMEDIATION
	14.3 FIELD APPLICATION OF NANOSCALE MATERIALS
	14.4 CASE HISTORY
	14.5 HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH NANOTECHNOLOGY
	Questions
	References
Chapter 15
Technology Selection
	15.1 BACKGROUND
	15.2 ISOLATION (CONTAINMENT) (CHAPTER 6)
	15.3 EXTRACTION PROCESSES (SOIL FLUSHING) (CHAPTER 7)
	15.4 IN SITU SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION (CHAPTER 8)
	15.5 SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION (CHAPTER 9)
	15.6 REACTIVE BARRIER WALLS (CHAPTER 10)
	15.7 IN SITU MICROBIAL REMEDIATION (CHAPTER 11)
	15.8 PHYTOREMEDIATION (CHAPTER 12); PHYTOEXTRACTION OF METALS
	15.9 NANOREMEDIATION (CHAPTER 14)
	References
Chapter 16
Revegetation of the Completed Site
	16.1 INTRODUCTION
	16.2 USE OF SOIL SUBSTITUTES AND AMENDMENTS
	16.3 SELECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF PLANTS
	16.4 GRASSES
	16.5 LEGUMES
	16.6 NATIVE PLANTS
	16.7 TREES
	16.8 THE VALUE OF FOREST HETEROCULTURE
	16.9 Benefits of Crop Trees, Wildlife Trees, and Nitrogen-fixing Trees
	Questions
	References
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Glossary
Index
About the Author