Fundamentals of Neurology

Cover......Page 1
Overview......Page 3
Translator’s Note......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Microscopic Anatomy of the Nervous System......Page 13
Elements of Neurophysiology......Page 16
General Genetics......Page 17
Genetic Counseling......Page 18
General Principles of History Taking......Page 20
Special Aspects of History Taking......Page 21
Basic Principles of the Neurological Examination......Page 23
Stance and Gait......Page 25
Cranial Nerves......Page 28
Examination of the Upper Limbs......Page 39
Motor Function and Coordination......Page 40
Muscle Tone and Strength......Page 41
Reflexes......Page 42
Sensation......Page 47
Examination of the Trunk......Page 48
Coordination and Strength......Page 49
Sensation......Page 50
Psychopathological Findings......Page 51
Neuropsychological Examination......Page 53
Reflexes......Page 55
Conventional Skeletal Radiographs......Page 57
Computed Tomography (CT)......Page 58
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)......Page 60
Angiography with Radiological Contrast Media......Page 62
Diagnostic Techniques of Nuclear Medicine......Page 64
Electroencephalography (EEG)......Page 66
Evoked potentials......Page 68
Electromyography......Page 70
Electroneurography......Page 72
Ultrasonography......Page 73
Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies......Page 75
Tissue Biopsies......Page 76
Perimetry......Page 77
Anatomical Substrate of Motor Function......Page 78
Anatomical Substrate of Sensation......Page 84
Disturbances of Consciousness......Page 88
Syndromes of the Individual Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres......Page 89
Syndromes of the Extrapyramidal Motor System......Page 90
Brainstem Syndromes......Page 91
Cerebellar Syndromes......Page 92
Fundamentals......Page 95
Special Clinical Forms......Page 96
Relevant Aspects of the Clinical History and Neurological Examination......Page 99
Grades of Severity of Traumatic Brain Injury......Page 100
Traumatic Hematomas......Page 101
Complications of Traumatic Brain Injury......Page 103
Intracranial Pressure......Page 104
Brain Tumors......Page 105
Cerebral Ischemia......Page 110
Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage......Page 118
Infectious Diseases of the Brain and Meninges......Page 123
Infections Mainly Involving the Meninges......Page 124
Infections Mainly Involving the Brain......Page 126
Intracranial Abscesses......Page 130
Congenital Metabolic Disorders......Page 132
Acquired Metabolic Disorders......Page 134
Diseases Causing Hypertonia and Hypokinesia......Page 139
Degenerative Systemic Diseases Causing Hypertonia and Hypokinesia......Page 142
Diseases Causing Hyperkinesia......Page 143
The More Common Diseases of the Cerebellum......Page 147
The Dementia Syndrome......Page 149
Degenerative Brain Diseases Causing Dementia as Their Most Prominent Manifestation......Page 151
Vascular Dementia......Page 152
Anatomical Fundamentals......Page 153
The Main Spinal Cord Syndromes and Their Anatomical Localization......Page 154
Spinal Cord Trauma......Page 157
Spinal Cord Tumors......Page 158
Myelopathy Due to Cervical Spondylosis......Page 159
Blood Supply of the Spinal Cord......Page 160
Impaired Venous Drainage......Page 161
Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases of the Spinal Cord......Page 162
Syringomyelia and Syringobulbia......Page 163
Hereditary Diseases of the Long Tracts of the Spinal Cord......Page 165
Diseases of the Anterior Horns......Page 166
Multiple Sclerosis......Page 168
Other Demyelinating Diseases of Unknown Pathogenesis......Page 172
Classification of the Epilepsies......Page 173
Practical Clinical Management of a Suspected Epileptic Seizure......Page 174
Generalized Seizures......Page 176
Partial (Focal) Seizures......Page 178
Status Epilepticus......Page 180
Episodic Disturbances with Transient Loss of Consciousness and Falling......Page 181
Episodic Falling without Loss of Consciousness......Page 182
Episodic Movement Disorders without Loss of Consciousness......Page 183
Classic Polyradiculitis (Landry−Guillain− Barré−Strohl Syndrome)......Page 185
Polyradiculitis of the Cauda Equina......Page 187
Particular Etiologic Types of Polyneuropathy......Page 188
Neurological Disturbances of Vision (Optic Nerve)......Page 192
Visual Field Defects......Page 193
Pathological Findings of the Optic Disc......Page 194
Fundamentals of Eye Movements......Page 195
Oculomotor Disturbances......Page 196
Supranuclear Oculomotor Disturbances......Page 200
Lesions of the Nerves to the Eye Muscles and Their Brainstem Nuclei......Page 201
Ptosis......Page 204
Pupillary Disturbances......Page 205
Lesions of the Trigeminal Nerve......Page 207
Lesions of the Facial Nerve......Page 208
Neurological Disturbances of Hearing......Page 211
Disequilibrium and Vertigo......Page 213
Accessory Nerve Palsy......Page 216
Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy......Page 217
Multiple Cranial Nerve Deficits......Page 218
Spinal Radicular Syndromes......Page 219
Radicular Syndromes Due to Intervertebral Disk Herniation......Page 222
Radicular Syndromes Due to Spinal Stenosis......Page 225
Radicular Syndromes Due to Space-Occupying Lesions......Page 226
Fundamentals......Page 228
Diseases of the Brachial Plexus......Page 229
Diseases of the Peripheral Nerves of the Upper Limbs......Page 235
Diseases of the Nerves of the Trunk......Page 244
Diseases of the Lumbosacral Plexus......Page 245
Diseases of the Peripheral Nerves of the Lower Limbs......Page 246
Fundamentals......Page 255
IHS Classification of Headache......Page 256
Migraine......Page 257
Cluster Headache......Page 260
Tension-type Headache......Page 261
Symptomatic Headache......Page 262
“Genuine” Neuralgias in the Face......Page 264
Other Diseases Causing Facial Pain......Page 266
General Differential Diagnosis of Headache and Facial Pain......Page 267
Painful Shoulder−Arm Syndromes (SAS)......Page 268
Neurogenic Arm Pain......Page 269
Pain in the Trunk and Back......Page 270
Leg Pain......Page 272
Pseudoradicular Pain......Page 273
Structure and Function of Muscle......Page 274
General Symptomatology, Evaluation, and Classification of Muscle Diseases......Page 275
Muscular Dystrophies......Page 277
Hereditary Muscular Dystrophies of X-chromosomal Inheritance−Dystrophinopathies......Page 278
Autosomal Muscular Dystrophies......Page 279
Rarer Types of Muscular Dystrophy......Page 281
Diseases Mainly Causing Myotonia......Page 282
Diseases Causing Periodic Paralysis......Page 283
Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies......Page 284
Myositis......Page 285
Congenital Myopathies......Page 286
Disturbances of Neuromuscular Transmission−Myasthenic Syndromes......Page 287
Anatomy......Page 291
Sweating......Page 294
Bladder, Bowel, and Sexual Function......Page 295
The Cervical Sympathetic Pathway and Horner Syndrome......Page 296
Generalized Autonomic Dysfunction......Page 297
B......Page 298
D......Page 299
G......Page 300
K......Page 301
M......Page 302
P......Page 303
S......Page 304
T......Page 305
Z......Page 306