Fundamentals of Neurologic Disease

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Author
Contributor
Essential Neurologic Exam
Chapter-1
	Approach to the Patient With a Neurologic Problem
		Key Steps in Neurologic Diagnosis and Treatment
			Determine the Condition Involves  the Nervous System
			Make an Anatomic Localization
			Establish time course of symptoms
			Determine most likely disease etiology
			Form Differential Diagnoses
			Order Appropriate Laboratory and/or Neuroimaging Tests, if Needed
			Establish Definite Diagnosis
			Begin Appropriate Etiologic and Symptomatic Treatment
Chapter-2
	Neurologic Examination
		Overview
		Mental Status Examination
		Cranial Nerves
		Motor Examination
		Coordination
		Sensation
		Reflexes
		Pediatric Neurologic Exam
			General
			Skin
			Head
			Eyes
			Mouth
			Tone
			Reflexes
			Primitive Reflexes
		Video Legend
		Reference
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-3
	Common Neurologic Tests
		Overview
		Function
			Neurologic Examination
			Neuropsychological Tests
			Electroencephalogram (EEG)
			Electromyogram (EMG)
			Nerve Conduction and Neuromuscular Junction Studies
		Structure
			Lumbar Puncture (LP) and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Examination
			Neuroimaging Tests
			Single Photon/Positron Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT or PET)
			Brain, Nerve, and Muscle Biopsy
		Molecular/Genetic Tests
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-4
	Disorders of Muscle
		Overview
		Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (Muscular Dystrophies)
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Dermatomyositis (Inflammatory Myopathy)
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Statin Myotoxicity (Toxic Myopathy)
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Primary Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (Channelopathies)
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Video Legend
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-5
	Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction
		Overview
		Myasthenia Gravis
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
			Lambert–Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
		Botulism
			Overview
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
			Clinical Uses of Botulinum Toxin
		Video Legend
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-6
	Disorders of Peripheral Nerves
		Overview
		Pathophysiology
		Clinical Features that Suggest Peripheral Nerve Diseases
		Diabetic Distal Symmetrical Polyneuropathy
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Bell’s Palsy
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Video Legend
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-7
	Disorders of the Spinal Cord and Vertebral Bodies
		Overview
		Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Acute Transverse Myelitis and Myelopathy
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings of ATM
			Principles of Management and Prognosis of Idiopathic ATM
		Spinal Cord Trauma
		Low Back Pain with Radiculopathy or Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management of Lumbar Disk Herniation/Lumbar Spinal Stenosis and Prognosis
		Video Legend
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-8
	Disorders of the Brainstem and Cerebellum
		Overview
		Central Pontine Myelinolysis  or Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Lateral Medullary Infarction (Wallenberg’s Syndrome)
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management  and Prognosis
		Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCAs)
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Video Legend
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-9
	Disorders of the Cerebrovascular System
		Overview
		Ischemic Stroke
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Transient Ischemic Attack
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Hemorrhagic Strokes
			Overview
		Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Saccular Aneurysms and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Video Legend
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-10
	Disorders of Myelin
		Myelin
			Overview
		Multiple Sclerosis
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Neuromyelitis Optica or Devicʼs Disease
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Features
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Guillain–Barré Syndrome
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
			Introduction
			Pathogenesis
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-11
	Disorders of Higher Cortical Function
		Localization of Function
		General Neuroanatomical Considerations
		The Influence of Hemispheric Asymmetries
		Neurobehavioral Syndromes  (see Table 11.1)
			Aphasia
			Apraxia
			Amnesia
			Dysexecutive Syndrome or “Frontal Lobe Syndrome”
		Neurologic Changes of Normal Aging
		Cognition
		Neuropathological Reasons for Normal Aging
		Other Age-Related Issues
		Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
		Dementia
		Alzheimer’s Disease
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
		Vascular Dementia
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Rules of Thumb for Mental Status Examination
		Video Legend
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-12
	Disorders of the Extrapyramidal System
		Overview
		Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
		Essential Tremor
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Parkinson’s Disease
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Huntington’s Disease
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Video Legend
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-13
	Infections of the Nervous System
		Overview
		Meningitis
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Brain Abscess
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Encephalitis
			Introduction
			Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSE)
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
			West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Features
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Herpes Zoster or Shingles
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Features
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Prion Diseases
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Paraneoplastic Anti-NMDAR Limbic Encephalitis
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Features
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-14
	Brain Tumors
		Overviewu
		Brain Herniation Syndromes
		Cerebral Edema
		Malignant Gliomas
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Meningioma
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Pituitary Adenoma
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Cerebral Metastases
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
			Leptomeningeal Metastases or Carcinomatous Meningitis
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-15
	Seizures and Status Epilepticus
	Overview
	Pathophysiology of Seizures
	Etiologies of Seizures
	Electroencephalogram
	Seizure Classification
	Focal Seizure
		Introduction
		Major Clinical Features
		Major Laboratory Findings
		Principles of Management and Prognosis
	Generalized Convulsive Seizure
		Introduction
		Major Clinical Features
		Major Laboratory Findings
		Principles of Management and Prognosis
	Absence Seizure
		Introduction
		Pathophysiology
		Major Clinical Features
		Major Laboratory Findings
		Principles of Management and Prognosis
	West’s Syndrome
		Introduction
		Pathophysiology
		Major Clinical Features
		Major Laboratory Findings
		Principles of Management and Prognosis
	Status Epilepticus
		Introduction
		Pathophysiology
		Major Clinical Features
		Major Laboratory Findings
		Principles of Management and Prognosis
	Recommended Reading
Chapter-16
	Cardiac Arrest, Coma, and Cerebral Death
		Overview
		Pathophysiology
		Major Clinical and Laboratory Features
		Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Cerebral Death
		Persistent Vegetative State
		Cardiac Arrest
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-17
	Disorders of the Developing Nervous System
		Overview
		Anencephaly
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Chiari Syndrome
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Phenylketonuria (PKU) (Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Deficiency)
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Tay–Sachs Disease Hexosaminidase A Deficiency (Acute Infantile Variant)
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Down Syndrome Trisomy 21
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Cerebral Palsy
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-18
	Traumatic Brain Injury and Subdural Hematoma
		Traumatic Brain Injury
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Clinical Features and Immediate Evaluation
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Spinal Cord Trauma
		Chronic Subdural Hematoma
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-19
	Neurologic Complications of Alcohol and B12 Deficiency
		Neurologic Complications of Alcohol
			Overview
		Intoxication and Alcoholic Coma
		Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
		Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures
		Delirium Tremens
		Wernicke’s Encephalopathy and Korsakoff’s Syndrome
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Alcoholic Cerebellar Degeneration
		Alcoholic Polyneuropathy
		Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Vitamin B12 Deficiency B12 Deficiency Myelopathy (Subacute Combined Degeneration)
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-20
	Disorders of Pain and Headache
		Background
		Normal Pain Pathways
		Neuropathic Pain Mechanisms
		Neuropathic Pain Management
		Headache
			Overview
		Tension-type Headache
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Migraine
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Medication-Overuse Headache
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-21
	Disorders of the Vestibular System
		Overview
		Normal Balance
		Principles of Vertigo Management
		Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Vestibular Neuritis
			Overview
			Pathophysiology
			Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Features
			Management
		Meniere’s Disease or Endolymphatic Hydrops
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Video Legend
		Recommended Reading
Chapter-22
	Sleep Disorders
		Overview
		General Disturbances of Sleep
		Obstructive sleep apnea with chronic headaches
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Narcolepsy
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Major Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Restless Legs Syndrome
			Introduction
			Pathophysiology
			Major Clinical Features
			Primary Laboratory Findings
			Principles of Management and Prognosis
		Recommended Reading
Glossary of Common Neurologic Terms
Index