Fundamentals of natural gas processing

Front Matter......Page 1
Preface......Page 4
List of Spreadsheet Programs......Page 7
Spreadsheet Programs and Functions......Page 8
List of Nomenclature......Page 9
Table of Contents......Page 0
Table of Contents......Page 13
1.1 What Is Natural Gas?......Page 20
1.2 Utilization of Natural Gas......Page 21
1.3 Natural Gas Industry......Page 23
1.4 Natural Gas Reserves......Page 24
1.5 Types of Natural Gas Resources......Page 25
1.6 Future of the Natural Gas Industry......Page 26
2.2 Specific Gravity......Page 31
2.3 Pseudocritical Properties......Page 32
Table 2.1 Results Given by MixingRule.xls......Page 34
2.4 Viscosity......Page 35
2.5 Compressibility Factor......Page 38
Table 2.2 Results Given by Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows Viscosity.xls......Page 39
Table 2.3 Results Given by Brill-Beggs-Z.xls......Page 41
Table 2.4 Results Given by Hall-Yarborogh-z.xls......Page 43
2.7 Formation Volume Factor and Expansion Factor......Page 44
2.8 Compressibility of Natural Gas......Page 45
2.9 Real Gas Pseudopressure......Page 46
Table 2.5 Input Data and Calculated Parameters Given by PseudoP.xls......Page 47
2.10 Real Gas Normalized Pressure......Page 48
Table 2.6 Partial Output Given by PseudoP.xls......Page 49
3.2 Analytical Methods......Page 52
Table 3.1 The First Section of Theoretical Deliverability.xls......Page 54
3.3 Empirical Methods......Page 55
Table 3.4 Results Given by Empirical Deliverability.xls......Page 58
3.4 Construction of Inflow Performance Relationship Curve......Page 60
Table 3.6 Solution Given by Theoretical IPR.xls......Page 61
Table 3.7 Input Data and Solution Given by Empirical IPR.xls......Page 64
Table 3.8 Results Given by Empirical IPR.xls......Page 65
4.1 Introduction......Page 67
4.2.1 The Average Temperature and Compressibility Factor Method......Page 68
Table 4.1 Input Data and Results Given by AverageTZ.xls......Page 71
4.2.2 The Cullender and Smith Method......Page 72
4.3 Mist Flow in Gas Wells......Page 74
Table 4.2 Input Data and Results Given by Cullender-Smith.xls......Page 75
Table 4.3 Input Data and Results Sections for MistFlow.xls......Page 78
5.2 Sonic and Subsonic Flow......Page 81
5.3.1 Subsonic Flow......Page 82
5.3.3 Temperature at Choke......Page 85
5.3.4 Applications......Page 86
Table 5.1 Solution Given by DryGasUpchoke.xls......Page 91
5.4 Wet Gas Flow through Chokes......Page 92
Table 5.2 Solution Given by DryGasDownChoke.xls......Page 93
6.2 Nodal Analysis......Page 96
6.2.1 Analysis with the Bottom Hole Node......Page 97
Table 6.1 Input Data and Results Given by BottomHoleNodal.xls......Page 99
6.2.2 Analysis with Wellhead Node......Page 100
Table 6.2 Input Data and Solution Given by WellheadNodal.xls......Page 103
Table 6.3 Results Section of WellheadNodal.xls......Page 104
7.2 Separation of Gas and Liquids......Page 107
7.2.1 Principles of Separation......Page 108
7.2.2 Types of Separators......Page 109
7.2.3 Factors Affecting Separation......Page 112
7.2.4 Separator Design......Page 114
7.3 Stage Separation......Page 123
7.4 Flash Calculation......Page 125
7.5 Low-temperature Separation......Page 132
8.2 Dehydration of Natural Gas......Page 136
8.2.1 Water Content of Natural Gas Streams......Page 137
8.2.2 Dehydration Systems......Page 139
8.2.3 Glycol Dehydrator Design......Page 148
8.3 Removal of Acid Gases......Page 160
8.3.2 Alkanolamine Sweetening......Page 161
8.3.3 Glycol/Amine Process......Page 162
8.3.4 Sulfinol Process......Page 163
9.1 Introduction......Page 165
9.2 Types of Compressors......Page 166
9.3 Selection of Reciprocating Compressors......Page 168
9.3.1 Volumetric Efficiency......Page 170
9.3.2 Stage Compression......Page 171
9.3.3 Isentropic Horsepower......Page 173
9.4 Selection of Centrifugal Compressors......Page 181
9.5 Selection of Rotary Blowers......Page 186
10.2 Measurement with Orifice Meters......Page 190
10.2.1 Orifice Equation......Page 192
10.2.2 Recording Charts......Page 197
10.2.3 Computation of Volumes......Page 200
10.3.1 Displacement Metering......Page 203
10.3.3 Elbow Meter......Page 205
10.4 Natural Gas Liquid Measurement......Page 206
11.2 Pipeline Design......Page 210
11.2.1 Sizing Pipelines......Page 211
Table 11.1 Input Data and Results Given by PipeCapacity.xls......Page 226
Table 11.5 Input Data and Solution Given by LoopedLines.xls......Page 240
11.2.2 Pipeline Wall Thickness......Page 241
12.2 Liquid Loading on Gas Wells......Page 252
12.2.1 Turner\'s Method......Page 253
12.2.2 Guo\'s Method......Page 256
Table 12.1 Turner Velocity and the Minimum Unloading Gas Flow Rate Given by TumerLoading.xls......Page 257
12.2.3 Comparison of Methods......Page 262
Table 12.2 Input Data and Solution Given by GasWellLoading.xls......Page 263
12.2.4 Solutions to the Liquid Loading Problem......Page 264
12.3 Hydrate Control......Page 265
12.3.1 Hydrate-forming Conditions......Page 266
12.3.2 Preventing Hydrate Formation......Page 270
Table 12.5 Glycol Inhibition Calculations and Results Given by Glycollnjection.xls......Page 275
Table 12.6 Methanol Inhibition Input Data and Calculations Given by Methanollnjection.xls......Page 276
12.4 Pipeline Cleaning......Page 278
12.4.1 Pigging System......Page 279
12.4.2 Selection of Pigs......Page 286
12.4.3 Major Applications......Page 294
12.4.4 Pigging Procedure......Page 298
Appendix A: Pseudopressures of Sweet Natural Gases......Page 306
Appendix B: Normalized Pressures of Sweet Natural Gases......Page 310
Appendix C: Orifice Meter Tables for Natural Gas......Page 314
Appendix D: The Minimum Gas Production Rate for Water Removal in Gas Wells......Page 349
Figure D-1  -  Figure D-48......Page 350
Figure D-49  -  Figure D-100......Page 374
Appendix E: The Minimum Gas Production Rate for Condensate Removal in Gas Wells......Page 400
Figure E-1  -  Figure E-48......Page 401
Figure E-49  -  Figure E-100......Page 425
C......Page 451
H......Page 452
N......Page 453
O......Page 454
T......Page 455
Z......Page 456