Fundamentals of Musculoskeletal Imaging, 3rd Edition (Contemporary Perspectives in Rehabilitation)

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
Reviewers
Acknowledgments
Contents in Brief
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MUSCULOSKELETAL IMAGING
	Why Study Imaging?
	What Is Radiology?
	What Is Musculoskeletal Imaging?
	Historical Perspective
		Turn-of-the-Century Sensationalism
		The 1910s and 1920s
		The 1930s and 1940s
		The 1950s and 1960s
		The 1970s and 1980s
		The 1990s to the Present
	Essential Science
		What Is a Radiograph?
		What Is Radiation?
		What Are X-rays?
	Image Receptors: Different Ways to Capture the X-rays
		The Gold Standard: Film/Screen Radiography
		Fluoroscopy
		Computed Radiography
		Digital Radiography
	Understanding the Image
		What Is Radiodensity?
		Radiodensity as a Function of Composition: Anatomy in Four Shades of Gray
		Radiodensity as a Function of Thickness
		How Many Dimensions Can You See?
		Radiodensity in a Rose
	More to the Radiograph
		Radiographic Terminology
		Anteroposterior, Lateral, and Oblique Projections
		Viewing Radiographs
		Identification Markes
		Image Quality Factors
	The Routine Radiographic Examination
	The Radiologist as the Imaging Specialist
	Other Common Studies in Musculoskeletal Imaging
		Contrast-Enhanced Radiographs
		Conventional Tomography
		Computed Tomography
		Nuclear Imaging
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Ultrasonography
	Interventional Techniques
		Epidural Steroid Injections
		Spinal Nerve Blocks
		Radiofrequency Ablation
		Discography
		Percutaneous Needle Biopsy of the Spine
		Percutaneous Vertebroplasty, Kyphoplasty, and Cementoplasty
		Automated Percutaneous Lumbar Diskectomy
		Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy
	The Imaging Chain
		Radiograph A
		Radiograph B
		Radiograph C
		Radiograph D
	Where Does Radiologic Image Interpretation Begin?
		What Are the Pitfalls of Image Interpretation?
		What Can the Nonradiologist Offer to Image Interpretation?
Chapter 2: RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION, SEARCH PATTERNS, AND DIAGNOSIS
	Search Pattern: The ABCs of Radiologic Analysis
		A: Alignment
		B: Bone Density
		C: Cartilage Spaces
		S: Soft Tissues
	Radiologic Diagnosis of Skeletal Pathology
		Categories of Skeletal Pathology
		Distribution of the Lesion
		Predictor Variables
	Radiologic Characteristics of Common Pathologies
		Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease)
		Osteoporosis
		Musculoskeletal Infections
		Bone Tumors
	The Radiologic Report
		Heading
		Clinical Information
		Findings
		Conclusions
		Recommendations
		Signature
	Radiologic Report Example
		Radiograph A
		Radiograph B (same patient as radiograph A)
	Trauma, the Most Common Disorder
		Trauma Radiology
Chapter 3: RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF FRACTURE
	What Is a Fracture?
		Biomechanics of Bone
		Definition of Facture
	Elements of Fracture Description
		Anatomic Site and Extent of the Fracture
		Type of Fracture: Complete or Incomplete
		Alignment of Fracture Fragments
		Direction of Fracture Lines
		Presence of Special Features
		Associated Abnormalities
		Fractures Due to Abnormal Stresses or Pathological Processes
	Fractures in Children
		Location Description
		Difficulties inAssessment of Immature Bone
		Elements of Fracture Description
		Healing Factors
	Reduction and Fixation of Fractures
		Reduction
		Fixation
	Fracture Healing
		Cortical Bone Healing
		Cancellous Bone Healing
		Surgically Compressed Bone Healing
		Radiologic Evaluation of Healing
	Time Frame for Fracture Healing
		Factors That InfluenceRate of Fracture Healing
		Radiologic Examination Intervals During Fracture Healing
	Complications in Fracture Healing
		Complications at Fracture Site
		Late-Effect Complications of Fracture
		Associated Complications in Other Tissues
		Life-Threatening Complications
	Commonly Missed Fractures
		Why Are Fractures Missed on Radiographs?
		Which Fractures Are Missed?
	Computed Tomography
		History
	Principles of CT
		Elements of a CT Scanner
Chapter 4: COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
	Computer Tomography
		History
	Principles of CT
		Elements of a CT Scanner
		Making the CT Image
	Different Forms of CT
		Three-Dimensional CT
		CT Myelogram
		Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)
	Viewing CT Images
		Radiodensities
		The Image
		Viewing the Patient’s Images
		Selective Imaging—Windowing
		Quality of the Image
	Clinical Uses of CT
		What Does CT Image Best?
		What Are the Limitations of CT?
		Summary and Future Developments
	Neuroimaging
		History
		CT Versus MRI
		CT and MRI Characteristics of the Brain
		CT Exam: Six Brain Images
		Common Cerebral Pathologies
		Image A
		Image B
	Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		History
		Principles of MRI
Chapter 5: MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
	Magnetic Resonance Imagin
		History
		Principle of MRI
		Image Information and Protocols
		Sequences
		Use of Contrasts
	Making the MR Image
		The Elements of an MRI Scanner
		Viewing MR Images
		Imaging Characteristics of Different Tissues
		Image Quality
	Clinical Uses of MRI
		What Does MRI Image Best?
		What Are the Limitations of MRI?
		MR Arthrography
		MR Myelography
		Comparison of MRI and CT
	Clinical Thinking Points
		Clinical Thinking Point 1: Bone Bruise—The Footprint of Injury
		Clinical Thinking Point 2: MR Imaging of Stress Fractures
	Summary and Future Developments
		Image A
		Image B
		History
		The Unique Position of Diagnostic Ultrasound
		Principles of Diagnostic Ultrasound
Chapter 6: DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND
	Diagnostic Ultrasound
		History
		The Unique Position of Diagnostic Ultrasound
		Principles of Diagnostic Ultrasound
	Diagnostic Ultrasound Equipment
		The Pulser
		The Ultrasound Transducer
		The Scan Converter and Monitor
	Ultrasound Physics
		Production
		Reception
		The Ultrasound Beam
	Interaction Between Ultrasound and Tissues
		Absorption
		Reflection
		Refraction
		Scattering
	The Ultrasound Image
		Applying the Transducer
		Approaches to Scanning Various Tissues
		Information Used to Create the Image
		Viewing the Ultrasound Image
		The Quality of the Image
	Clincial Uses of Ultrasound
		General Advantages
		Imaging Characteristics
		What Are the Limitations of Ultrasound?
Chapter 7: RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE
	Review of Anatomy
		Osseous Anatomy
		Ligamentous Anatomy
		Joint Mobility
		Growth and Development
		Postural Development
	Routine Radiologic Evaluation
		Practice Guidelines for Spine Radiography in Children and Adults
		Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
	Trauma at the Cervical Spine
		Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Cervical Spine
		Potential Injury to the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
		Fractures
		Dislocations
		Cervical Spine Sprains
		Intervertebral Disk Herniations
	Degenerative Diseases of the Cervical Spine
		Degenerative Disk Disease
		Degenerative Joint Disease
		Foraminal Encroachment
		Cervical Spine Spondylosis
		Spondylosis Deformans
		Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
		Clinical Considerations of the Degenerative Spine
Chapter 8: RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
	Historical Perspective
		Causes of TMJ Disorders
	Review of Anatomy
		Osseous Anatomy
		Articular Disk
		Ligamentous Anatomy
		Biomechanics of the TMJ
		Growth and Development
	Imaging in the Evaluation of the TMJ
		Conventional Radiographs
		Conventional Tomography
		Computed Tomography
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Ultrasound
	Pathological Contidions of the TMJ
		Osteoarthritis
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
	Disk Displacement
		Etiology
		Clinical Presentation
		Classification
		Grading Displacements
		Radiologic Findings
		MRI of Disk Displacements
		Treatment of Disk Displacement
	Other Disorders and Findings
		TMJ Hypermobility
		Disk Adhesion
		Fractures
		Craniomandibular Anomalies
	The TMJ and Cervical Spine
		Positional Faults of the Cervical Spine
		Positional Faults in the Coronal Plane
Chapter 9: RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE THORACIC SPINE, STERNUM, AND RIBS
	Review of Anatomy
		Osseous Anatomy
		Ligamentous Anatomy
		Joint Mobility
		Growth and Development
	Routine Radiologic Evaluation
		Practice Guidelines for Spine Radiography in Children and Adults
		Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
	Trauma at the Thoracic Spine
		Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Thoracic Spine
		The Three-Column Concept of Spinal Stability
		One- or Two-Column Injuries
		Two- or Three-Column Injuries
		Fractures of the Bony Thorax
	Abnormal Conditions
		Osteoporosis
		Scoliosis
		Tuberculous Osteomyelitis (Pott’s Disease)
		Scheuermann’s Disease
Chapter 10: THE CHEST RADIOGRAPH AND CARDIOPULMONARY IMAGING
	Where Does Cardiopulmonary Imaging Beging?
	Radiographic Anatomy
		Bony Thorax
		Respiratory Organs
		The Heart
		The Mediastinum
		The Hilum
		The Diaphragm
	Routine Radilogic Evaluation
		Practice Guidelines for the Performance of Pediatric and Adult Chest Radiography
		Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
	Pathology
		Imaging Choices in Cardiopulmonary Assessment
		Diagnostic Categories
		The Lung Field Is Abnormally White
		The Lung Field Is Abnormally Black
		The Mediastinum Is Abnormally Wide
		The Heart Is Abnormally Shaped
	Advanced Imaging
		Cardiac Ultrasound: Echocardiography
		Nuclear Medicine
		Conventional Angiography
		Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography
		Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Chapter 11: RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE LUMBOSACRAL SPINE AND SACROILIAC JOINTS
	Review of Anatomy
		Osseous Anatomy
		Ligamentous Anatomy
		Joint Mobility
		Growth and Development
	Routine Radiologic Evaluation
		Practice Guidelines for Lumbar Spine Radiography in Children and Adults
		Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
	Trauma at the Lumbar Spine
		Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Lumbar Spine
		Fractures of the Lumbar Spine
		Spondylolysis
		Spondylolisthesis
	Degnerative Conditions at the Lumbar Spine
		Clinical Considerations of the Degenerative Spine
		Lumbar Stenosis
		Intervertebral Disk Herniations
	Sacroiliac Joint Pathology
		Ligamentous Injury
		Degenerative Joint Disease
		Sacroiliitis
		Ankylosing Spondylitis
	Lumosacral Anomalies
		Facet Tropism
		Aberrant Transitional Vertebrae
		Spina Bifida
Chapter 12: RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE PELVIS AND HIP
	Review of Anatomy
		Osseous Anatomy
		Ligamentous Anatomy
		Joint Mobility
		Growth and Development
	Routine Radiologic Evaluation
		Practice Guidelines for Extremity Radiography in Children and Adults
		Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
	Trauma at the Pevlis and Hip
		Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Pelvis and Hip
		Fractures of the Pelvis
		Fractures of the Acetabulum
		Fractures of the Proximal Femur
		Hip Dislocation
	Pathological Conditions at the Hip
		Degenerative Joint Disease of the Hip
		Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Hip
		Avascular Necrosis of the Proximal Femur
		Slipped Femoral Capital Epiphysis
		Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
		Femoroacetabular Impingement With Labral Pathology
Chapter 13: RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE KNEE
	Review of Anatomy
		Osseous Anatomy
		Ligamentous Anatomy
		Joint Mobility
		Growth and Development
	Routine Radiologic Evaluation
		Practice Guidelines for Knee Radiography in Children and Adults
		Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
		Additional Views Related to the Knee
	Trauma at the Knee
		Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Knee
		Fractures
		Patellofemoral Subluxations
		Injury to the Articular Cartilage
		Meniscal Tears
		Injury to the Ligaments
	Degenerative Joint Disease
		Radiologic Evaluation
		Location of DJD
		Treatment
	Knee Anomalies
		Genu Valgum
		Genu Varum
		Genu Recurvatum
Chapter 14: RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE ANKLE AND FOOT
	Review of Anatomy
		Osseous Anatomy
		Ligamentous Anatomy
		Joint Mobility
		Growth and Development
	Routine Radilogic Evaluation
		Practice Guidelines for Ankle and Foot Radiography in Children and Adults
		Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
	Trauma at the Ankle and Foot
		Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Ankle and Foot
		Sprains at the Ankle
		Fractures at the Ankle
		Fractures of the Foot
	Deformities of the Foot
		Radiologic Evaluation
		Hallux Valgus
		Pes Cavus
		Pes Planus
		Talipes Equinovarus
	Foot Anomalies
		Accessory Bones
Chapter 15: RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE SHOULDER
	Review of Anatomy
		Osseous Anatomy
		Ligamentous Anatomy
		Joint Mobility
		Growth and Development
	Routine Radiologic Evaluation
		Practice Guidelines for Shoulder Radiography in Children and Adults
		Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
	Trauma at the Shoulder
		Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Shoulder
		Fractures of the Proximal Humerus
		Fractures of the Clavicle
		Fractures of the Scapula
		Dislocations of the Glenohumeral Joint
		Acromioclavicular Joint Separation
		Rotator Cuff Tears
		Glenoid Labrum Tears
	Abnormal Conditions at the Shoulder
		Impingement Syndrome
		Adhesive Capsulitis
Chapter 16: RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE ELBOW
	Review of Anatomy
		Osseous Anatomy
		Ligamentous Anatomy
		Joint Mobility
		Growth and Development
	Routine Radiologic Evaluation
		Practice Guidelines for Radiography of the Elbow in Children and Adults
		Basic Projections, Radiologic Observations, and MRI Anatomy
	Trauma at the Elbow
		Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Elbow
		Fractures and Dislocations
	Abnormal Conditions at the Elbow
		Epicondylitis
		Osteochondritis Dissecans
Chapter 17: RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE HAND AND WRIST
	Review of Anatomy
		Osseous Anatomy
		Joints and Ligaments of the Hand and Wrist
		Joint Mobility
		Growth and Development
	Routine Radiologic Evaluation
		Practice Guidelines for Extremity Radiography in Children and Adults
		Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
	Trauma at the Hand and Wrist
		Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Hand and Wrist
		Fractures of the Hand
		Fractures of the Wrist
		Fractures of the Distal Radius
	Wrist Instability
		Imaging Techniques to Diagnose Instability
		Instability of the Distal Radioulnar Joint
		Classification of Carpal Instabilities
	Soft Tissue Disorders
		Pathology of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex
		Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
	Arthritides
		Degenerative Joint Disease
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
	Chapter 18: INTEGRATION OF IMAGING INTO PHYSICAL THERAPY PRACTICE
		Changing Perspective on Diagnostic Imaging in Physical Therapy Education
			The Tradition Model
			The Evolving Model
		The Physical Therapist as a Primary Care Provider in the US
			The Physical Therapist as the Referral Source
			The Physical Therapist as an Educated User of Diagnostic Imaging
			The U.S. Military Health System
			Other Practice Environments in the United States
			Access to Imaging and Relationships With Physicians
		Physiotherapists and Diagnostic Imaging
		The Role of Imaging in the Diagnostic Process
			When to Recommend Imaging
			Value of the Information
			Clinical Decision Making and Clinical Practice Guidelines
		The Role of Imaging in Physical Therapy Intervention
			What Do Physical Therapists Look For?
			Incorporating Imaging Into Treatment Planning
Answer to Self-Test Questions
Index