Fundamentals of metallurgy

Contents......Page 6
Contributor contact details......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
Part I Understanding the effects of processing on the properties of metals......Page 16
1.1 Introduction......Page 18
1.2 Reactions involving gases and solids......Page 19
1.3 Reactions involving liquid phases......Page 32
1.4 Casting processes......Page 42
1.5 Thermomechanical processes......Page 46
1.6 References......Page 49
1.7 Appendix: notation......Page 52
2.1 Introduction......Page 53
2.2 Basic concepts in thermodynamics......Page 54
2.3 Chemical equilibrium......Page 59
2.4 Unary and multicomponent equilibria......Page 64
2.5 Thermodynamics of solutions......Page 72
2.6 Thermodynamics of multicomponent dilute solutions......Page 81
2.7 Modelling of metallic systems......Page 85
2.8 Thermodynamics of ionic melts......Page 87
2.10 Conclusions......Page 94
2.12 References......Page 95
3.1 Introduction......Page 97
3.2 Phase diagrams and potential diagrams......Page 98
3.3 Ternary phase diagrams......Page 102
3.4 Solidification in ternary systems and four-phase equilibria......Page 110
3.5 Examples of solidification behaviour from a phase diagram perspective......Page 117
3.6 Conclusions......Page 122
3.7 References......Page 123
4.1 Introduction......Page 124
4.2 Factors affecting physical properties and their measurement......Page 128
4.3 Measurements and problems......Page 135
4.4 Fluid flow properties......Page 137
4.5 Properties related to heat transfer......Page 151
4.6 Properties related to mass transfer......Page 161
4.7 Estimating metal properties......Page 163
4.9 References......Page 184
4.10 Appendix A: calculation of structural parameters NBO/T and optical basicity......Page 190
4.11 Appendix B: notation......Page 191
5.2 Mass transfer......Page 193
5.3 Heat transfer......Page 215
5.4 Fluid flow......Page 232
5.5 Further reading......Page 250
5.6 References......Page 251
6.1 Introduction......Page 252
6.2 Fundamentals of the interface......Page 253
6.3 Interfacial properties of a metallurgical melts system......Page 272
6.4 Interfacial phenomena in relation to metallurgical processing......Page 275
6.6 References......Page 282
7.2 Fundamentals of heterogeneous kinetics......Page 285
7.3 Solid-state reactions......Page 293
7.4 Gas-solid reactions......Page 305
7.5 Liquid-liquid reactions......Page 325
7.6 Solid-liquid reactions......Page 327
7.7 Gas-liquid reactions......Page 332
7.8 Comprehensive process modeling......Page 335
7.9 References......Page 354
7.10 Appendix: notation......Page 361
8.1 Introduction......Page 365
8.2 Thermogravimetry (TG)......Page 371
8.3 Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)......Page 373
8.4 Evolved gas analysis (EGA) and detection (EGD)......Page 378
8.5 References......Page 380
Part II Improving process and product quality......Page 382
9.2 Overview of process design......Page 384
9.3 Thermodynamics and mass balance......Page 390
9.4 Kinetics - mass transfer and heat transfer......Page 400
9.5 Optimization of interfacial reactions......Page 402
9.6 Micro-modelling......Page 408
9.8 References......Page 411
10.1 Introduction......Page 414
10.2 Solidification fundamentals......Page 415
10.3 The growth of solids......Page 428
10.4 The casting of steels......Page 443
10.5 Conclusion......Page 464
10.7 References......Page 465
11.1 Introduction......Page 468
11.2 Work hardening......Page 469
11.3 Rate effects......Page 472
11.4 Interaction with phase transformations......Page 477
11.5 Examples of material behaviour during processing......Page 478
11.6 Development trends......Page 483
11.7 References......Page 484
12.2 Production processes for powders......Page 486
12.3 Forming processes towards near-net shape......Page 501
12.5 References......Page 515
13.1 Introduction......Page 518
13.2 Developing processes and properties with reference to market, energy, and environment......Page 521
13.3 Optimization of processes to meet properties and productivity......Page 538
13.4 Economic optimization......Page 552
13.5 Environmental optimization......Page 561
13.6 Future trends......Page 565
13.8 References......Page 568
Index......Page 570