Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology

Cover
Contents
Chapter 1. The Human Organism
	Anatomy
	Physiology
	Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body
	Chemical Level
	Cell Level
	Tissue Level
	Organ Level
	Organ System Level
	Organism Level
	Characteristics of Life
	Homeostasis
	Negative Feedback
	Positive Feedback
	Terminology and the Body Plan
	Body Positions
	Directional Terms
	Body Parts and Regions
	Planes
	Body Cavities
	Serous Membranes
Chapter 2. The Chemical Basis of Life
	Basic Chemistry
	Matter, Mass, and Weight
	Elements and Atoms
	Atomic Structure
	Electrons and Chemical Bonding
	Hydrogen Bonds
	Molecules and Compounds
	Dissociation
	Chemical Reactions
	Classifi cation of Chemical Reactions
	Reversible Reactions
	Energy and Chemical Reactions
	Rate of Chemical Reactions
	Acids and Bases
	The pH Scale
	Salts
	Buff ers
	Inorganic Chemistry
	Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
	Water
	Organic Chemistry
	Carbohydrates
	Lipids
	Proteins
	Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
	Adenosine Triphosphate
Chapter 3. Cell Structures and Their Functions
	Cell Structures
	Functions of the Cell
	Cell Membrane
	Movement Through the Cell Membrane
	Diff usion
	Osmosis
	Carrier-Mediated Transport Mechanisms
	Endocytosis and Exocytosis
	Organelles
	Nucleus
	Ribosomes
	Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
	Golgi Apparatus
	Secretory Vesicles
	Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
	Mitochondria
	Cytoskeleton
	Centrioles
	Cilia, Flagella, and Microvilli
	Whole-Cell Activity
	Gene Expression
	Cell Life Cycle
	Diff erentiation
	Systems Pathology: Cystic Fibrosis
	Apoptosis
	Cellular Aspects of Aging
Chapter 4. Tissues
	Epithelial Tissue
	Functions of Epithelia
	Classifi cation of Epithelia
	Structural and Functional Relationships
	Glands
	Connective Tissue
	Functions of Connective Tissue
	Classifi cation of Connective Tissue
	Muscle Tissue
	Nervous Tissue
	Membranes
	Mucous Membranes
	Serous Membranes
	Synovial Membranes
	Tissue Damage and Inflammation
	Chronic Infl ammation
	Tissue Repair
	Effects of Aging on Tissues
Chapter 5. Integumentary System
	Functions of the Integumentary System
	Skin
	Epidermis
	Dermis
	Skin Color
	Hypodermis
	Accessory Skin Structures
	Hair
	Glands
	Nails
	Physiology of the Integumentary System
	Protection
	Sensation
	Vitamin D Production
	Temperature Regulation
	Excretion
	Integumentary System as a Diagnostic Aid
	Burns
	Skin Cancer
	Systems Pathology: Burns
	Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System
Chapter 6. Skeletal System: Bones and Joints
	Functions of the Skeletal System
	Extracellular Matrix
	General Features of Bone
	Structure of a Long Bone
	Histology of Bone
	Bone Ossifi cation
	Bone Growth
	Bone Remodeling
	Bone Repair
	Bone and Calcium Homeostasis
	General Considerations of Bone Anatomy
	Axial Skeleton
	Skull
	Vertebral Column
	Thoracic Cage
	Appendicular Skeleton
	Pectoral Girdle
	Upper Limb
	Pelvic Girdle
	Lower Limb
	Joints
	Fibrous Joints
	Cartilaginous Joints
	Synovial Joints
	Types of Movement
	Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints
	Systems Pathology: Osteoporosis
Chapter 7. Muscular System
	Functions of the Muscular System
	Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle
	Skeletal Muscle Structure
	Excitability of Muscle Fibers
	Nerve Supply
	Muscle Contraction
	Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Muscle
	Skeletal Muscle Anatomy
	General Principles
	Nomenclature
	Muscles of the Head and Neck
	Trunk Muscles
	Upper Limb Muscles
	Lower Limb Muscles
	Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle
	Systems Pathology: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Chapter 8. Nervous System
	Functions of the Nervous System
	Divisions of the Nervous System
	Cells of the Nervous System
	Neurons
	Neuroglia
	Myelin Sheaths
	Organization of Nervous Tissue
	Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways
	Resting Membrane Potential
	Action Potentials
	The Synapse
	Refl exes
	Neuronal Pathways
	Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
	Spinal Cord
	Spinal Cord Refl exes
	Spinal Nerves
	Brain
	Brainstem
	Cerebellum
	Diencephalon
	Cerebrum
	Sensory Functions
	Ascending Tracts
	Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
	Motor Functions
	Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
	Descending Tracts
	Basal Nuclei
	Cerebellum
	Other Brain Functions
	Communication Between the Right and Left Hemispheres
	Speech
	Brain Waves and Consciousness
	Memory
	Limbic System
	Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid
	Meninges
	Ventricles
	Cerebrospinal Fluid
	Cranial Nerves
	Autonomic Nervous System
	Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division
	Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division
	Autonomic Neurotransmitters
	Functions of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the ANS
	Enteric Nervous System
	Effects of Aging on the Nervous System
	Systems Pathology: Stroke
Chapter 9. Senses
	General Senses
	Pain
	Special Senses
	Olfaction
	Neuronal Pathways for Olfaction
	Taste
	Neuronal Pathways for Taste
	Vision
	Accessory Structures of the Eye
	Anatomy of the Eye
	Functions of the Eye
	Neuronal Pathways for Vision
	Hearing and Balance
	Anatomy and Function of the Ear
	Hearing
	Neuronal Pathways for Hearing
	Balance
	Neuronal Pathways for Balance
	Effects of Aging on the Senses
Chapter 10. Endocrine System
	Functions of the Endocrine System
	Chemical Signals
	Hormones
	Chemistry of Hormones
	Receptors
	Receptor Types for Hormones
	Receptor Responses
	Regulation of Hormone Secretion
	Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
	Pituitary and Hypothalamus
	Thyroid Gland
	Parathyroid Glands
	Adrenal Glands
	Pancreas, Insulin, and Diabetes
	Testes and Ovaries
	Thymus
	Pineal Gland
	Systems Pathology: Graves Disease (Hyperthyroidism)
	Other Hormones
	Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System
Chapter 11. Blood
	Functions of Blood
	Composition of Blood
	Plasma
	Formed Elements
	Production of Formed Elements
	Red Blood Cells
	White Blood Cells
	Platelets
	Preventing Blood Loss
	Vascular Spasm
	Platelet Plugs
	Blood Clotting
	Blood Grouping
	ABO Blood Group
	Rh Blood Group
	Diagnostic Blood Tests
	Type and Crossmatch
	Complete Blood Count
	Diff erential White Blood Count
	Clotting
	Blood Chemistry
Chapter 12. Heart
	Functions of the Heart
	Size, Form, and Location of the Heart
	Anatomy of the Heart
	Pericardium
	External Anatomy
	Heart Chambers and Internal Anatomy
	Heart Valves
	Route of Blood Flow Through the Heart
	Blood Supply to the Heart
	Histology of the Heart
	Heart Wall
	Cardiac Muscle
	Electrical Activity of the Heart
	Action Potentials in Cardiac Muscle
	Conduction System of the Heart
	Electrocardiogram
	Cardiac Cycle
	Heart Sounds
	Regulation of Heart Function
	Intrinsic Regulation of the Heart
	Extrinsic Regulation of the Heart
	Systems Pathology: Myocardial Infarction
	Effects of Aging on the Heart
Chapter 13: Blood Vessels and Circulation
	Functions of the Circulatory System
	General Features of Blood Vessel Structure
	Arteries
	Capillaries
	Veins
	Blood Vessels of the Pulmonary Circulation
	Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation: Arteries
	Aorta
	Arteries of the Head and Neck
	Arteries of the Upper Limbs
	Thoracic Aorta and Its Branches
	Abdominal Aorta and Its Branches
	Arteries of the Pelvis
	Arteries of the Lower Limbs
	Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation: Veins
	Veins of the Head and Neck
	Veins of the Upper Limbs
	Veins of the Thorax
	Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis
	Veins of the Lower Limbs
	The Physiology of Circulation
	Blood Pressure
	Pressure and Resistance
	Pulse Pressure
	Capillary Exchange
	Control of Blood Flow in Tissues
	Local Control of Blood Flow
	Nervous and Hormonal Control of Blood Flow
	Regulation of Arterial Pressure
	Baroreceptor Refl exes
	Chemoreceptor Refl exes
	Hormonal Mechanisms
	Summary of Regulatory Mechanisms
	Effects of Aging on the Blood Vessels
Chapter 14. The Lymphatic System and Immunity
	Functions of the Lymphatic System
	Anatomy of the Lymphatic System
	Lymphatic Capillaries and Vessels
	Lymphatic Organs
	Overview of the Lymphatic System
	Immunity
	Innate Immunity
	Physical Barriers
	Chemical Mediators
	White Blood Cells
	Infl ammatory Response
	Adaptive Immunity
	Origin and Development of Lymphocytes
	Activation and Multiplication of Lymphocytes
	Antibody-Mediated Immunity
	Cell-Mediated Immunity
	Acquired Immunity
	Active Natural Immunity
	Active Artifi cial Immunity
	Passive Natural Immunity
	Passive Artifi cial Immunity
	Overview of Immune Interactions
	Immunotherapy
	Systems Pathology: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
	Effects of Aging on the Lymphatic System and Immunity
Chapter 15. Respiratory System
	Functions of the Respiratory System
	Anatomy of the Respiratory System
	Nose
	Pharynx
	Larynx
	Trachea
	Bronchi
	Lungs
	Pleural Cavities
	Lymphatic Supply
	Ventilation and Respiratory Volumes
	Changing Thoracic Volume
	Pressure Changes and Airfl ow
	Lung Recoil
	Changing Alveolar Volume
	Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
	Gas Exchange
	Respiratory Membrane Thickness
	Surface Area
	Partial Pressure
	Gas Transport in the Blood
	Oxygen Transport
	Carbon Dioxide Transport and Blood pH
	Rhythmic Breathing
	Respiratory Areas in the Brainstem
	Generation of Rhythmic Breathing
	Nervous Control of Breathing
	Chemical Control of Breathing
	Eff ect of Exercise on Breathing
	Systems Pathology: Asthma
	Respiratory Adaptations to Exercise
	Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System
Chapter 16. Digestive System
	Functions of the Digestive System
	Anatomy and Histology of the Digestive System
	Peritoneum
	Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus
	Anatomy of the Oral Cavity
	Saliva
	Mastication
	Pharynx
	Esophagus
	Swallowing
	Stomach
	Anatomy of the Stomach
	Secretions of the Stomach
	Regulation of Stomach Secretions
	Movement in the Stomach
	Small Intestine
	Anatomy of the Small Intestine
	Secretions of the Small Intestine
	Movement in the Small Intestine
	Absorption in the Small Intestine
	Liver and Pancreas
	Anatomy of the Liver
	Functions of the Liver
	Anatomy of the Pancreas
	Functions of the Pancreas
	Large Intestine
	Anatomy of the Large Intestine
	Functions of the Large Intestine
	Digestion, Absorption, and Transport
	Carbohydrates
	Lipids
	Proteins
	Water and Minerals
	Effects of Aging on the Digestive System
	Systems Pathology: Diarrhea
Chapter 17. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation
	Nutrition
	Nutrients
	Kilocalories
	Carbohydrates
	Lipids
	Proteins
	Vitamins
	Minerals
	Daily Values
	Metabolism
	Regulation of Metabolism
	Carbohydrate Metabolism
	Lipid Metabolism
	Protein Metabolism
	Metabolic States
	Metabolic Rate
	Body Temperature Regulation
Chapter 18. Urinary System and Fluid Balance
	Functions of the Urinary System
	Anatomy of the Kidneys
	Arteries and Veins
	Urine Formation
	Filtration
	Tubular Reabsorption
	Tubular Secretion
	Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume
	Hormonal Mechanisms
	Anatomy and Histology of the Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra
	Urine Movement
	Body Fluid Compartments
	Composition of the Fluid in the Body Fluid Compartments
	Exchange Between Body Fluid Compartments
	Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Composition
	Thirst Regulation
	Ion Concentration Regulation
	Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
	Buff ers
	Respiratory System
	Kidneys
	Acidosis and Alkalosis
	Systems Pathology: Acute Renal Failure
Chapter 19. Reproductive System
	Functions of the Reproductive System
	Formation of Gametes
	Male Reproductive System
	Scrotum
	Testes
	Spermatogenesis
	Ducts
	Penis
	Glands
	Secretions
	Physiology of Male Reproduction
	Regulation of Sex Hormone Secretion
	Puberty in Males
	Eff ects of Testosterone
	Male Sexual Behavior and the Male Sex Act
	Infertility in Males
	Female Reproductive System
	Ovaries
	Oogenesis and Fertilization
	Uterine Tubes
	Uterus
	Vagina
	External Genitalia
	Mammary Glands
	Physiology of Female Reproduction
	Puberty in Females
	Menstrual Cycle
	Menopause
	Female Sexual Behavior and the Female Sex Act
	Infertility in Females
	Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System
	Systems Pathology: Benign Uterine Tumors
Chapter 20. Development, Heredity, and Aging
	Prenatal Development
	Fertilization
	Early Cell Division
	Blastocyst
	Implantation of the Blastocyst and Development of the Placenta
	Maternal Hormonal Changes
	Formation of the Germ Layers
	Neural Tube and Neural Crest Formation
	Formation of the General Body Structure
	Development of the Organ Systems
	Growth of the Fetus
	Parturition
	The Newborn
	Respiratory and Circulatory Changes
	Digestive Changes
	Lactation
	First Year Following Birth
	Life Stages
	The Aging Process
	Death
	Genetics
	Chromosomes
	Genes
	Genetic Disorders
	Genetic Counseling