Fundamentals of Forensic Science

Front Cover
Fundamentals of Forensic Science
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Part 1: Criminal Justice and Forensic Science
	Chapter 1: Introduction
		What Is Forensic Science?
		Areas of Forensic Science
		A Bit of Forensic Science History
		Forensic Science Laboratory Organization and Services
		Forensic Science Laboratory Services
		Administrative Issues with Forensic Science Laboratories
		The Forensic Scientist
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
	Chapter 2: Crime Scene Investigation
		Introduction
		Of Artifacts and Evidence
		Crime Scene Investigation
		Safety
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
	Chapter 3: The Nature of Evidence
		Introduction
		What Is Evidence?
		Forensic Science Is History
		The Basis of Evidence: Transfer and Persistence
		Analysis of Evidence: Some Preliminary Considerations
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
Part 2: Analytical Tools
	Chapter 4: Microscopy
		Introduction
		Magnification Systems
		Polarized Light Microscopy
		Other Microscopical Methods
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
	Chapter 5: Light and Matter
		Introduction
		Electromagnetic Radiation
		Interaction of Matter with Specific Regions of Electromagnetic Radiation
		Raman Spectroscopy
		Mass Spectrometry
		Atomic Spectroscopy
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
	Chapter 6: Separation Methods
		Introduction
		Liquid Phase Extraction
		Solid Phase Extraction
		Chromatography
		Gas Chromatography (GC or GLC)
		High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
		Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
		Electrophoresis
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This…
		Bibliography and Further Reading
Part 3: Biological Sciences
	Chapter 7: Pathology
		Introduction
		Cause and Manner of Death
		Coroners and Medical Examiners
		The Post-Mortem Examination (Autopsy)
		Laboratory Analysis
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
	Chapter 8: Anthropology and Odontology
		Introduction
		The Human Skeleton
		Collecting Human Remains
		Analysis of Skeletal Materials
		Odontology
		Interpretations
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
	Chapter 9: Entomology
		Introduction
		Insects and Their Biology
		Life Cycles of Insects
		Collecting Insects at a Crime Scene
		The Post-Mortem Interval
		The Classification of Insects
		Rearing Insects
		DNA and Insects
		Calculating a PMI
		Other Forensic Uses for Insects
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
	Chapter 10: Serology and Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
		Introduction
		Collection of Body Fluids
		The Major Body Fluids
		Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
	Chapter 11: DNA Analysis
		Introduction
		The Nature of DNA
		Genes and the Genetic Code
		Population Genetics
		DNA Typing
		The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
		Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)
		Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
		Comparison of DNA Samples
		Interpretation of DNA Typing Results: Purity Issues
		DNA Databases: The FBI Codis System
		DNA Case Backlog
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
	Chapter 12: Forensic Hair Examinations
		Introduction
		Growth of Hairs
		Microanatomy
		Human Versus Non-Human Hairs
		Body Area Determination
		Ancestral Estimation
		Damage, Disease, and Treatments
		Comparison of Human Hairs
		DNA and Hairs
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
Part 4: Chemical Sciences
	Chapter 13: Illicit Drugs
		Introduction
		What is an Illicit Drug?
		The Control of Illicit Drugs in the United States
		Classification of Illicit Drugs
		Drug Analysis
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
	Chapter 14: Forensic Toxicology
		Introduction
		Forensic Pharmacology and Forensic Toxicology
		Pharmacokinetics
		Drug Actions: Pharmacodynamics
		Identification of Drugs in the Body
		Drug Testing in the Workplace
		Forensic Toxicology of Ethyl Alcohol
		Measurement of Alcohol in the Body
		Field Sobriety Testing
		Operating Versus Driving a Motor Vehicle
		Drunk Versus Drugged Driving
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
	Chapter 15: Textile Fibers
		Introduction
		Textile Fibers
		Yarns
		Fabric Construction
		Fiber Characteristics
		Fiber Manufacture
		Microscopic Characteristics
		Color in Textiles
		Chemical Properties
		Interpretations
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
	Chapter 16: Paint Analysis
		Introduction
		What Is Paint?
		Paint Manufacturing
		Collection
		Analysis of Paint Samples
		Interpretations
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This…
		Bibliography and Further Reading
	Chapter 17: Soil and Glass
		Introduction
		Soil
		Collection of Soil Evidence
		Analysis of Soils
		Glass
		Forensic Examination of Glass
		The Effects of Projectiles on Glass
		Lamp Analysis
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This…
		Bibliography and Further Reading
	Chapter 18: Fires and Explosions
		Introduction
		Fire
		Explosions and Explosives
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
Part 5: Physical Sciences
	Chapter 19: Friction Ridge Examination
		Introduction
		The Natural-Born Criminal
		Fingerprinting in the United States
		Collecting Prints at a Crime Scene
		Principles of Friction Ridge Analysis
		Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS)
		Identification
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
	Chapter 20: Questioned Documents
		Introduction
		What Is a Questioned Document?
		The Questioned Document Examiner
		Handwriting Comparisons
		Printed Documents: Typewriters, Computer Printers, Electrostatic Copiers
		Other Examinations Performed by Document Examiners
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
	Chapter 21: Firearms and Tool Marks
		Introduction
		Firearms
		Anatomy of Ammunition
		Collection of Firearms Evidence
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
	Chapter 22: Impression Evidence
		Introduction
		Types of Impression Evidence
		Footwear Impressions
		Tire Impression Evidence
		Serial Numbers Restoration
		Significance of Impression Evidence
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
Part 6: Law and Forensic Science
	Chapter 23: Legal Aspects of Forensic Science
		Introduction
		Forensic Science in the Criminal Justice System
		The Criminal Investigation Process
		Production of Evidence: the Subpoena
		The Rules of Evidence
		Authentication of Evidence: the Chain of Custody
		The Admissibility of Evidence
		Laboratory Reports
		Examples of Analysis and Reports
		Expert Testimony
		Getting into Court
		Testifying
		Being a Witness and an Expert
		Considerations for Testimony
		Summary
		Test Your Knowledge
		Consider This...
		Bibliography and Further Reading
Glossary
Index