Fundamentals of Critical Argumentation (Critical Reasoning and Argumentation)

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 13
Acknowledgments......Page 17
One Arguments and Dialogues......Page 19
The Dialogue on Tipping......Page 20
Two Arguments......Page 23
Three Questions and Statements......Page 25
Four Arguments in Dialogues......Page 29
The Santa Claus Dialogue......Page 30
Five Generalizations......Page 33
Six Chaining of Arguments......Page 40
Seven Criticizing by Questioning or Rebuttal......Page 44
Eight Criticizing an Argument by Asking Questions......Page 47
The Dialogue on Genetically Modified Foods......Page 48
Nine Disputes and Dissents......Page 54
The Euthanasia Dialogue......Page 55
Ten Summary......Page 59
Two Concepts Useful for Understanding Arguments......Page 61
One Inconsistency......Page 62
Two Three Kinds of Arguments......Page 67
Three Syllogisms......Page 72
Four Complex Propositions......Page 77
Five Some Other Common Forms of Deductive Argument......Page 79
Six Probability and Inductive Argument......Page 83
Seven Plausible Argumentation......Page 87
Eight Arguments and Explanations......Page 93
The Radiator Dialogue......Page 95
The Motorist Example......Page 96
Nine Summary......Page 100
One Appeal to Expert Opinion......Page 102
Two Argument from Popular Opinion......Page 109
Three Argument from Analogy......Page 114
Four Argument from Correlation to Cause......Page 118
Five Argument from Consequences and Slippery Slope......Page 122
Six Argument from Sign......Page 130
Seven Argument from Commitment......Page 134
Eight Ad Hominem Arguments......Page 140
Nine Argument from Verbal Classification......Page 146
Ten Summary......Page 150
Four Argument Diagramming......Page 156
One Single and Convergent Arguments......Page 157
Two Linked Arguments......Page 159
Three Serial and Divergent Arguments......Page 164
Four Distinguishing between Linked and Convergent Arguments......Page 166
Five Complex Arguments......Page 171
Six Unstated Premises and Conclusions......Page 175
Seven Diagramming More Difficult Cases......Page 180
Eight Summary......Page 187
Five Dialogues......Page 190
One Persuasion Dialogue......Page 191
Rules for a Critical Discussion......Page 195
Two Commitment in Dialogue......Page 197
Three General Requirements on Commitment in Dialogue......Page 199
Three Other Types of Dialogue......Page 201
Four Simple and Complex Questions......Page 209
Five Loaded Questions......Page 217
Six Responding to Tricky Questions......Page 221
Seven Relevance of Questions and Replies......Page 229
Eight Summary......Page 233
Six Detecting Bias......Page 236
One Loaded Terms......Page 237
Two Point of View and Burden of Proof......Page 243
Three Biased Argumentation......Page 250
Four Verbal Disputes......Page 257
Five Lexical, Stipulative, and Persuasive Definitions......Page 263
Six Philosophical and Scientific Definitions......Page 269
Seven Normal and Troublesome Bias......Page 275
Eight Summary......Page 282
Seven Relevance......Page 284
One Probative Relevance......Page 285
Two Dialectical Relevance......Page 290
Three Relevance in Meetings and Debates......Page 292
Legal Criterion of Relevant Evidence......Page 296
The Primary Exclusion Rule......Page 297
The Conditional Relevance Rule......Page 299
Five Fear Appeal Arguments......Page 301
Six Threats as Arguments......Page 304
Seven Appeal to Pity......Page 308
Eight Shifts and Relevance......Page 311
Nine Summary......Page 314
Eight Practical Reasoning in a Dialogical Framework......Page 317
One Practical Inferences......Page 318
Two Necessary and Sufficient Conditions......Page 321
Three Disjunctive Reasoning......Page 324
Four Taking Consequences into Account......Page 327
Five The Dilemma......Page 332
Six The Closed World Assumption......Page 336
Seven Lack of Knowledge Inferences......Page 339
Eight Real World Situations......Page 345
Nine Summary and Glimpses Ahead......Page 348
Index......Page 353