Fundamentals of construction estimating

Cover
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
	Objectives
	What Is an Estimate?
	The Role of Estimating in the Construction Industry
	Conceptual Estimates
	Preliminary Estimates and Cost Planning
	Preparing Construction Estimates
	Project Delivery Systems and Estimating
	Estimates for Different Types of Contracts
	Estimating and Construction Safety
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 2: The BID Process and Preliminary Procedures
	Objectives
	The Bid Estimate
	Projects Out for Bid
	Open Bidding
	The Decision to Bid
	Scheduling the Estimating Process
	Bid Record and Bid Documents
	Obtaining Bid Documents
	Review Bid Documents
	The Query List
	The Team Approach
	Site Visit
	Computer Estimating Systems
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 3: Measuring Quantities Generally
	Objectives
	The Quantity Takeoff
	What Is Measured?
	Units of Measurement
	Item Units
	Measuring "Net in Place"
	Takeoff Rules
	Accuracy of Measurement
	Organization of the Takeoff
	Estimating Stationery
	Takeoff by Computer
	Formulas and Perimeter Centerline Calculations
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 4: Measuring Sitework, Excavation, and Piling
	Objectives
	Generally
	Soils Report
	Bank Measure, Swell, and Compaction Factors
	Excavation Safety Considerations
	Cut-and-Fill Software and Use of Digitizers
	On-Screen Takeoff
	Measuring Notes: Excavation and Backfill
	Calculation of Cut and Fill Using the "Grid Method"
	Trench Excavations
	Trench Backfill
	Trench Takeoff Example 1
	Trench Takeoff Example 2
	Greater Accuracy
	Measuring Notes: Piling
	Bearing Piles, Generally
	Sheet Piling, Generally
	Drawings
	Sitework Takeoff
	Comments on the Takeoff Shown in Figure 4.13a
	Comments on the Takeoff Shown in Figure 4.14a
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 5: Measuring Concrete Work
	Objectives
	Measuring Concrete Work
	Measuring Notes: Concrete
	Measuring Formwork
	Measuring Notes: Formwork
	Measuring Notes: Finishes and Miscellaneous Work
	Example 1: House
	Example 2: Office/Warehouse Building
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 6: Measuring Masonry Work
	Objectives
	Masonry Work Generally
	Measuring Masonry Work
	Brick Masonry
	Concrete Blocks
	Conversion Factors
	Measuring Notes: Masonry
	Masonry Work: House (Brick Facings Alternative)
	Masonry Work: Office/Warehouse Building
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 7: Measuring Carpentry and Miscellaneous Items
	Objectives
	Measuring Rough Carpentry
	Board Measure
	Metric Units
	Measuring Notes: Rough Carpentry
	Measuring Finish Carpentry and Millwork
	Measuring Notes: Finish Carpentry
	Doors and Frames
	Windows
	Miscellaneous Metals
	Specialties
	Finish Hardware
	Measuring Exterior and Interior Finishes
	Carpentry and Miscellaneous Work Takeoff: House Example
	Exterior and Interior Finishes Takeoff: House Example
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 8: Pricing Generally
	Objectives
	Introduction
	Contractor's Risk
	Pricing Labor and Equipment
	Pricing Materials
	Pricing Subcontractors' Work
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 9: Pricing Construction Equipment
	Objectives
	Introduction
	Renting versus Purchasing Equipment
	Depreciation
	Maintenance and Repair Costs
	Financing Expenses
	Taxes, Insurance, and Storage Costs
	Fuel and Lubrication Costs
	Equipment Operator Costs
	Company Overhead Costs
	Use of Spreadsheets
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 10: Pricing Excavation and Backfill
	Objectives
	Excavation Equipment and Methods
	Excavation Productivity
	Excavation Work Crews
	Excavation Materials
	Excavation and Backfill Recap and Pricing Notes Example 1: House
	Excavation and Backfill Pricing Notes Example 2: Office/Warehouse Building
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 11: Pricing Concrete Work
	Objectives
	Cast-in-Place Concrete Work Generally
	Supplying and Placing Concrete
	Concrete Materials
	Formwork
	Reinforcing Steel
	Miscellaneous Concrete Work Items
	Wage Rates
	Concrete Work Recap and Pricing Notes Example 1: House
	Concrete Work Pricing Notes Example 2: Office/Warehouse Building
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 12: Pricing Masonry, Carpentry, and Finishes Work
	Objectives
	Introduction
	Masonry
	Rough Carpentry
	Finish Carpentry and Millwork
	Exterior and Interior Finishes
	Wage Rates
	Masonry, Rough Carpentry, and Finish Carpentry Recap and Pricing Notes Example 1: House
	Masonry Work Pricing Notes Example 2: Office/Warehouse Building
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 13: Pricing Subcontractors' Work
	Objectives
	Introduction
	List of Subtrades
	Unknown Subcontractors
	Evaluating Subcontractors
	Bonding of Subtrades
	Pre-Bid Subtrade Proposals
	Analyzing Subtrade Bids
	Scope of Work
	Masonry Scope of Work
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 14: Pricing General Expenses
	Objectives
	Introduction
	Project Schedule
	Site Personnel
	Safety and First Aid
	Travel and Accommodation
	Temporary Site Offices
	Temporary Site Services
	Hoardings and Temporary Enclosures
	Temporary Heating
	Site Access and Storage Space
	Site Security
	Site Equipment
	Trucking
	Dewatering
	Site Cleanup
	Miscellaneous Expenses
	Labor Add-Ons
	Bid Total Add-Ons
	General Expenses Pricing Notes Example 1: House
	General Expenses Pricing Notes Example 2: Office/Warehouse Building
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 15: Closing the Bid
	Objectives
	Introduction
	In Advance of the Bid Closing
	The Pre-Bid Review
	The Closing
	Unit-Price Bids
	After the Bid
	The Estimate: Cost Control Cycle
	Summary Example 1: House
	Summary Example 2: Office/Warehouse Building
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 16: Budget Estimating
	Objectives
	Introduction
	Methods of Estimating
	Single-Rate Methods
	Multi-Rate Methods
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 17: Elemental Estimating
	Objectives
	Introduction
	CSI/CSC UniFormat
	Elements and Codes
	Objective and Use of Elemental Analysis
	Information Required to Estimate Using Elemental Analysis
	Elemental Estimate Example
	Percentage of Total Cost
	Ratio to Gross Floor Area
	Using Elemental Analysis to Estimate the Price of a Future Building
	The Cost Plan
	Office Building Example
	Summary
	Review Questions
Chapter 18: Life-Cycle Costing
	Objectives
	Introduction
	What is Life-Cycle Costing?
	The Time Value of Money and the Notion of Equivalence
	Compound Interest
	Compound Interest Calculations
	Nominal and Effective Interest Rates
	Derivatives of the Compound Interest Formula
	Using Tables
	Compounding Periods
	Determining the Appropriate Discount Rate
	Price Inflation
	Equal Life Alternatives
	Unequal Life Alternatives
	Equivalent Uniform Annual Series
	Alternatives with Unequal Life Spans (Revisited)
	Incremental Cost Analysis
	Summary
	Review Questions
Appendix: Glossary
Index