Fundamentals of Body MRI

Cover
Front Matter
	Copyright
	Dedication
	Contributor
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
1 - Introduction and Physics of Body MRI
	Magnetism: How is the Human Body Magnetized?
	The Components
		The Magnet
	Rf System
		The Gradient System
		The Receiver System
		K Space and the Fourier Transform
		Operator’s Console
		Practical Technical Considerations
	Pulse Sequences
	Tissue Contrast
	The Pulse Sequence Scheme
	Optimizing Body MRI
		Motion
		Susceptibility Artifact
	MRI Safety
	Summary
2 - MRI of Focal Liver Lesions
	Introduction
	Normal Features
	Focal Lesions
		Cystic Lesions
		Developmental Lesions
			Simple Hepatic Cyst
			Bile Duct Hamartoma
			Caroli’s Disease
			Cavernous Hemangioma
		Neoplastic Lesions
			Biliary Cystadenoma (-Adenocarcinoma)
		Infectious Lesions
			Echinococcal Cyst
			Pyogenic Abscess
			Amebic Abscess
			Fungal Abscess
		Traumatic Lesions
			Hematoma
			Biloma
		Solid (and Pseudosolid) Lesions
			Hypervascular Lesions
			Hepatic Adenoma
			Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
			Focal Transient Hepatic Intensity Difference
			Cirrhotic Nodules (Prehypervascular)
			Hepatocellular Carcinoma
			Fibrolamellar Carcinoma
			Hypervascular Metastases
			hypovascular Lesions
		Hypovascular Metastases
		Lymphoma
		Ablated Tumors
		Peripheral Cholangiocarcinoma
		Lipid-Based Lesions
			Hepatic Angiomyolipoma
			Hepatic Lipoma
			Focal Steatosis (Fatty Infiltration)
			Focal Fatty Sparing
		REFERENCES
3 - MRI of Diffuse Liver Disease
	Introduction
	Geographic or Segmental Lesions
		Primarily Enhancement Lesions
			Geographic THID
			Other Geographic Vascular Lesions
		Signal ± Enhancement Lesions
			Geographic Steatosis/Iron Deposition
			Confluent Fibrosis
			Intrahepatic Cholestasis
	Diffuse Abnormalities
		Occult (General Lack of Signal and Morphologic Changes) Processes
		Primarily Signal Processes
			Fatty Liver Disease
			Iron Depositional Disease
		Primarily Morphology Diseases
			Cirrhosis
			Autoimmune Hepatitis
			Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
			Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
			Budd-Chiari Syndrome
			Liver Transplantation
		REFERENCES
4 - MRI of the Gallbladder and Biliary System
	Gallbladder
		Anatomy
		Normal Appearance
		Imaging Technique
		Congenital/Developmental Abnormalities of the Gallbladder
			Accessory Gallbladders, Ectopia, and Agenesis
			Cholelithiasis
		Diffuse Processes of the Gallbladder
			Cholecystitis
				Chronic.
					Gangrenous.
				Nonspecific Edema
				Adenomyomatosis
		Focal Processes of the Gallbladder
			Polyp
			Carcinoma
			Metastases
	Biliary Tree
		Anatomy and Normal Appearance
		Imaging Techniques
		Choledochal Cyst
		Choledocholithiasis
			Mirizzi’s Syndrome
	Biliary Obstruction
		Benign Etiologies
			Postoperative Biliary Strictures
	Inflammatory Etiologies
		Cholangitis
			Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
			Infectious Cholangitis
	Malignant Etiologies
		Cholangiocarcinoma
		Ampullary Carcinoma
	REFERENCES
5 - MRI of the Pancreas and Spleen
	Pancreas
		Anatomy and Function
		Normal Appearance
	Imaging Techniques
	Congenital/Developmental Anomalies of the Pancreas
		Annular Pancreas
		Pancreas Divisum
		Agenesis
	Diffuse Pancreatic Disorders
		Lipomatosis
		Pancreatitis
			Acute Pancreatitis
			Chronic Pancreatitis
			Autoimmune Pancreatitis
			Groove Pancreatitis
			Hereditary Pancreatitis
	Genetic Disorders
		Cystic Fibrosis
		Primary (Idiopathic) Hemochromatosis
		Von Hippel–Lindau Disease
		Schwachman-Diamond Syndrome
		Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome
	Focal Pancreatic Lesions
		Solid Pancreatic Lesions
			Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
			Pancreatic Neuroendocrine (Islet Cell) Tumors
				Insulinomas.
				Gastrinomas.
				Glucagonomas, Vipomas, and Somatostatinomas.
				Nonfunctioning Islet Cell Tumors.
				Pancreatic Metastases.
			Other Solid Pancreatic Lesions
				Acinar Cell Carcinoma.
				Lymphoma.
		Cystic Pancreatic Lesions
			Cysts
				Pseudocysts.
				Von Hippel–Lindau Disease.
			Neoplasms
				Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms.
				Serous Cystadenoma.
				Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm.
				Cystic Neuroendocrine (Islet Cell) Tumor.
				Solid-Cystic Papillary Epithelial Neoplasm.SPENs
	Spleen
		Anatomy and Function
		Normal Appearance
	Imaging Technique
	Congenital/Developmental Anomalies of the Spleen
		Accessory Spleen
		Polysplenia
		Splenogonadal Fusion
	Benign Lesions of the Spleen
		Gamna-Gandy Bodies
		Splenic Cysts and Pseudocysts
		Hemangiomas
		Hamartoma
		Lymphangioma
		Peliosis
		Inflammatory Pseudotumor
		Lipoma
		Splenic Abscesses
		Sarcoidosis
	Intermediate Lesions
		Littoral Cell Angioma
		Hemangiopericytoma
		Hemangioendothelioma
	Malignant Lesions of the Spleen
		Angiosarcoma
		Littoral Cell Angiosarcoma
		Pleomorphic Undifferentiated Sarcoma, Fibrosarcoma, and Leiomyosarcoma
		Kaposi Sarcoma
		Lymphoma
		Leukemia
		Cystadenocarcinoma
		Metastasis
	REFERENCES
6 - MRI of the Kidneys, Ureters, and Urinary Bladder
	Introduction
	Technique
	Interpretation
	Kidneys
		Normal Features
		Anomalies and Pseudolesions
		Focal Lesions
			Cystic Lesions
			Simple Renal Cyst
			Polycystic Diseases
			Hydronephrosis
			Complex Cystic Lesions
			Pyogenic Renal Abscess
			Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma
			Multilocular Cystic Nephroma
			Renal Hematoma
			Solid Lesions
	Solid Lesions with Ball Morphology
		Renal Cell Carcinoma
		Oncocytoma
		Angiomyolipoma
	Solid Lesions with Bean Morphology
		Urothelial Neoplasms
		Renal Lymphoma
		Renal Metastases
		Segmental/Diffuse Lesions
	Segmental ± Diffuse Lesions
		Pyelonephritis
		Renal Infarct
	Diffuse Lesions
		Chronic Renal Artery Stenosis
		Renal Vein Thrombosis
	Other Unilateral Disorders
	Diffuse Bilateral Disorders
		Bladder
	Bladder Neoplasms
		Urothelial Carcinoma
		Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		Adenocarcinoma
		Other Bladder Tumors
	Nonneoplastic Conditions of the Urinary Bladder
	REFERENCES
7 - MRI of the Adrenal Glands and Retroperitoneum
	Introduction
	Technique
	Interpretation
	Adrenal Glands
		Normal Features
			Cystic (Nonsolid) Lesions
				Adrenal Cysts.
				Adrenal Hemorrhage.
			Solid Lesions
				Adrenal Adenoma.
				Adrenal Hyperplasia.
				Myelolipoma.
				Pheochromocytoma.
				Metastases.
				Other Adrenal Malignancies.
	Retroperitoneum
		Inferior Vena Cava Anomalies
		Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
		Inflammatory Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
		Retroperitoneal Lymphoma
		Retroperitoneal Metastases
		Retroperitoneal Sarcomas
	REFERENCES
8 - MRI of the Gastrointestinal System
	Introduction
	Small Bowel
	Technical Considerations
	Normal Appearance
	Inflammatory Etiologies
	Crohn’s Disease
	Celiac Disease
	Neoplastic Etiologies
		Polyposis Syndromes
		Small Bowel Tumors
			Adenocarcinoma
			Carcinoid Tumor
			Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
			Lymphoma
			Metastases
	Colorectum
		Introduction
	Technical Considerations
	Normal Appearance
	Common Focal Abnormalities
		Appendicitis
		Acute Diverticulitis
		Perianal Fistulas
		Rectal Cancer
	Common Diffuse Abnormalities
		Ulcerative Colitis
		Pseudomembranous Colitis
	REFERENCES
9 - MRI of the Uterus, Cervix, and Vagina
	Introduction
		Technique
		Interpretation
	Uterus
		Normal Features
		Endometrial Pathology
			Diffuse Abnormalities
				Hormonal Factors.
				Tamoxifen.
			Focal Abnormalities
				Intrauterine Adhesions.
				Intrauterine Device.
				Cesarean Section Defect.
				Endometrial Polyp.
				Endometrial Carcinoma.
				Pregnancy.
		Myometrial Disease
			Focal And Diffuse Lesions
				Leiomyomata.
				Myometrial Contractions.
				Malignant Lesions.
			Global Uterine Abnormalities
	Cervix and Vagina
		Normal Features
		Cystic Lesions
			Other Benign Cystic Lesions.
			Adenoma Malignum.
		Solid Lesions
		Miscellaneous
			Pelvic Lymphoma.
			Aggressive Angiomyxoma.
	REFERENCES
10 - MRI of the Ovaries and Adnexa
	Introduction
		Technique
		Interpretation
		Normal Anatomy
		Cystic Lesions
			Water Content
				Functional Ovarian Cysts.
				Ovarian Inclusion Cyst.
				Peritoneal Inclusion Cyst.
				Parovarian Cysts.
			Lipid Content
				Dermoid Cyst (Mature Cystic Teratoma).
				Functional Hemorrhagic Cyst.
				Hematosalpinx.
			Acute Lesions
				Tuboovarian Abscess.
				Ovarian Torsion.
				Ectopic Pregnancy.
		Complex Cystic and Solid Lesions
			Primary
			Epithelial Neoplasms.
			Other Primary Ovarian Neoplasms.
			Secondary.
	Miscellaneous
		Globally Abnormal Ovaries
			Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.
			Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome.
			Deep Pelvic Endometriosis.
		Vascular Lesions
			Pelvic Arteriovenous Malformation.
			Pelvic Congestion Syndrome.
			Ovarian Vein Thrombosis.
		REFERENCES
11 - MRI of the Prostate and Male Genitourinary System
	Prostate
		Anatomy
		Normal Appearance
	Imaging Techniques
		Field Strength
		Endorectal Coil
		T2-Weighted Imaging
		T1-Weighted Imaging
		Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
		Dynamic Contrast Enhancement
	Congenital/Developmental Processes
		Prostatic and Ejaculatory Duct Cysts
		Seminal Vesicle Cysts
	Diffuse Prostatic Processes
		Prostatitis
		Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
	Focal Prostatic Processes
		Prostate Cancer
		Metastases
	Penis
		Anatomy
		Normal Appearance
	Imaging Technique
	Benign Penile Processes
		Partial Cavernosal Thrombosis
		Cowper’s Duct Syringocele
		Peyronie’s Disease
		Penile Fracture
	Penile Malignancies
		Squamous Cell Carcinoma
		Other Primary Penile Malignancies
		Penile Metastases
	Scrotum and Contents
		Anatomy
		Normal Appearance
	Imaging Technique
	Congenital/Developmental Processes of the Scrotum And Contents
		Polyorchidism
		Cryptorchidism
		Dilatation of the Rete Testis
		Scrotal Calculi
		Inguinal Hernia
		Splenogonadal Fusion
	Benign Processes of the Scrotum and Contents
		Hydrocele
		Hematocele
		Pyocele and Fournier’s Gangrene
		Varicocele
		Tunical Cyst
		Epididymal Cysts and Spermatoceles
		Testicular Cyst
		Epidermoid Inclusion Cyst
		Granulomatous Disease
	Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors (Tarts)
	Leydig Cell Hyperplasia
	Lipoma
	Adenomatoid Tumor
	Sperm Granulomas
	Leiomyoma
	Papillary Cystadenoma
	Fibrous Pseudotumor
	Sclerosing Lipogranuloma
	Epididymitis and Epididymoorchitis
	Torsion
	Infarction
	Trauma
	Spermatic Cord Lipoma
	Malignant Processes of the Scrotum and Contents
		Primary Testicular Malignancies
		Lymphoma
		Metastases
		Rhabdomyosarcoma
		Liposarcoma
	REFERENCES
Appendix