Fundamentals of Astronomy

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Authors
Chapter 1 Spherical Astronomy
	1.1 Elements of Plane Trigonometry
	1.2 Some Properties of Plane Triangles
	1.3 Elements of Spherical Trigonometry
	1.4 Cartesian and Polar Coordinates
	1.5 Terrestrial Latitude and Longitude on the Spherical Earth
	1.6 Elements of Vector Calculus
	Notes
	Exercises
Chapter 2 First Notions on Astronomical Reference Systems
	2.1 The Alt-Azimuth System
	2.2 The Hour Angle and Declination System
	2.3 The Equatorial System
	2.4 Telescope Mounts
	2.5 The Ecliptic System
	2.6 The Galactic System
	2.7 Other Systems
	Notes
Chapter 3 Transformations of Coordinates
	3.1 Transformations by Matrix Rotation
	3.2 Transformations by Spherical Trigonometry
	3.3 Some Examples and Applications
	Exercises
Chapter 4 First Notions on the Movements of the Earth and the Astronomical Times
	4.1 The Movements of the Earth
	4.2 The Sidereal Time ST
	4.3 The Solar Time T[sub(ʘ)] and the Equation of Time E
	4.4 The Universal Time UT
	4.5 The Tropical Year and the Rates of ST and UT
	4.6 The Year and the Julian Calendar
	4.7 The Besselian Year or Annus Fictus
	4.8 The Seasons
	4.9 The Julian Date
	Notes
	Exercises
Chapter 5 The Movements of the Fundamental Planes
	5.1 First Dynamical Considerations
	5.2 The Precession of the Equinox
	5.3 The Movements of the Fundamental Planes
	5.4 First-Order Effects of the Precession on the Stellar Coordinates
	5.5 The Nutation
	5.6 Approximate Formulae for General Precession and Nutation
	5.7 Newcomb’s Rotation Formulae for Precession
	5.8 Precession and Position Angles
	5.9 Solar System Objects
	Notes
	Exercises
Chapter 6 Dynamics of Earth’s Rotation
	6.1 Newton’s Lunisolar Precession
	6.2 The Lunisolar Torque
	6.3 The Precessional Potential
	6.4 The Earth’s Free Rotation
	Notes
	Exercise
Chapter 7 Aberration of Light
	7.1 The Solar Aberration
	7.2 The Annual Aberration
	7.3 The Lorentz Transformations
	7.4 Effects of Annual Aberration on the Stellar Coordinates
	7.5 The Diurnal Aberration
	7.6 Planetary Aberration and Planetary Perturbations
	7.7 The Gravitational Deflection of Light
	Notes
Chapter 8 The Parallax
	8.1 The Trigonometric Parallax
	8.2 The Diurnal Parallax
	8.3 Solar and Lunar Parallaxes
	8.4 The Annual Parallax
	8.5 Secular and Dynamical Parallaxes
	Notes
	Exercises
Chapter 9 Radial Velocities and Proper Motions
	9.1 Radial Velocities
	9.2 Proper Motions
	9.3 Variation of the Equatorial Coordinates
	9.4 Interplay between Proper Motions and Precession Constants
	9.5 Astrometric Radial Velocities
	9.6 Apex of Stellar Motions and Group Parallaxes
	9.7 The Peculiar Motion of the Sun and the Local Standard of Rest
	9.8 Secular and Statistical Parallaxes
	9.9 Differential Rotation of the Galaxy and Oort’s Constants
	Notes
	Exercises
Chapter 10 The Astronomical Times, the Atomic Time and the Earth Rotation Angle
	10.1 The Sidereal Time ST
	10.2 The Solar Time T[sub(⨀)]
	10.3 The Year
		10.3.1 Tropical Year
		10.3.2 Besselian Year B or Annus Fictus
		10.3.3 Sidereal Year
		10.3.4 Anomalistic Year
		10.3.5 Draconitic (or Eclipse) and Gaussian Years
	10.4 The Dynamical Ephemeris Time ET
	10.5 The Atomic Time
	10.6 The Earth Rotation Angle (ERA)
	Notes
	Exercise
Chapter 11 The Terrestrial Atmosphere
	11.1 The Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere
	11.2 The Refraction
	11.3 Effects of Refraction on the Apparent Coordinates
	11.4 The Chromatic Refraction of the Atmosphere
	11.5 Relationships between Refraction Index, Pressure and Temperature
	11.6 Scintillation and Seeing
	Notes
Chapter 12 The Two-Body Problem
	12.1 The Barycentric Treatment
	12.2 The Gravitational Attraction
	12.3 The Relative Movement
	12.4 Planetary Masses from Kepler’s Third Law
	12.5 Escape Velocity
	12.6 Some Considerations on Artificial Satellites
	Notes
	Exercise
Chapter 13 Orbital Elements and Ephemerides
	13.1 Kepler’s Equation
	13.2 Ephemerides from the Orbital Elements
	13.3 Planetary Configurations and Titius–Bode Law
	13.4 Orbital Elements from the Observations
	13.5 Application to Visual Binary Stars
	Notes
Chapter 14 Elements of Perturbation Theories
	14.1 Perturbations of the Planetary Movements
	14.2 Planet Plus Small Moon
	14.3 Case Earth–Moon
	14.4 The Lunar Month and the Librations
	14.5 The Case Planet Plus Planet
	14.6 The Restricted Circular Three-Body Problem
	14.7 A Non-Spherical Body Plus a Small Nearby Satellite
	14.8 Other Interesting Cases
	Notes
	Exercise
Chapter 15 Eclipses, Occultations and Transits
	15.1 Moon’s Phases
	15.2 Conditions for the Occurrence of an Eclipse
	15.3 Solar Eclipses
	15.4 Lunar Eclipses
	15.5 Besselian Elements and Magnitude of the Eclipse
	15.6 Number and Repetitions of Eclipses
	15.7 Stellar Occultations
	15.8 Transits of Exoplanets
	Notes
	Exercises
Chapter 16 Elements of Astronomical Photometry
	16.1 Visual Magnitudes
	16.2 Extension of the Definition of Magnitude
		16.2.1 The Reflectivity of the Optics and Transmissivity of Filters
		16.2.2 The Efficiency of the Detectors
	16.3 Extinction by the Earth’s Atmosphere
	16.4 The Black Body
	16.5 Color Indices and Two-Color Diagrams
	16.6 Calibration of the Apparent Magnitudes in Physical Units
	16.7 Apparent Diameters and Absolute Magnitudes of the Stars
	16.8 The Hertzsprung–Russell Diagram
	16.9 Interstellar Absorption and Polarization
	16.10 Extension to the Bodies of the Solar System
	16.11 Radiation Quantities
	Notes
	Exercises
Chapter 17 Elements of Astronomical Spectroscopy
	17.1 Spectroscopic Techniques
	17.2 The Analysis of the Spectral Lines
	17.3 Detailed Balance and the Boltzmann Equation
	17.4 The Saha Equation
	17.5 Spectral Classification of Stars and the Abundance of the Elements
	17.6 The Harvard and the MK Classification Schemes
	17.7 Very Low-Temperature Stars
	17.8 Relationship between the MK Classification and Photometric Parameters
	17.9 Spectra of Peculiar Stars
	17.10 Spectra of Solar System Objects
	Notes
Bibliography
	References
	Web Sites
Index