Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology of Speech, Language, and Hearing

Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
	Key Terms
		Biology
		Anatomy
		Physiology
		Anatomical Nomenclature
		Anatomical Orientation
		Anatomical Terms
	Body Systems That Support Speech, Language, and Hearing
		Cell
		Tissues
		Joints or Articulations
		Organs
		Systems
	Cranial Nerves
		Olfactory
		Optic
		Oculomotor
		Trochlear
		Trigeminal
		Abducens
		Facial
		Vestibulocochlear
		Glossopharyngeal
		Vagus
		Accessory
		Hypoglossal
	Chapter Summary
	References
2 Anatomy of Respiration
	Introduction to Respiration
	The Skeletal Framework for Respiration
		The Bony Thorax
	The Visceral Thorax
		Respiratory Passages
		Lungs
		Respiratory Tissue and Gas Exchange
	Muscles of Respiration
		Patterns of Muscular Use in Respiration
		Categorization of Muscles of Respiration
		Primary Muscle of Inspiration
		Accessory Muscles of Inspiration
		Muscles of Expiration
	Chapter Summary
	Reference
3 Physiology of Respiration
	Introduction to Physiology of Respiration
	Forces of Respiration
		Active Force of Respiration
		Passive Forces of Respiration
		Pressures Involved in Respiration
	Physics of Respiration/Breathing
		Understanding the Mechanical Cycle of Respiration
		Quiet Respiration: Quiet Inspiration/Passive Expiration
		Forced Respiration: Forced Inspiration/Forced Expiration
	Lung Volumes and Capacities
	Changes in Respiration With Advanced Age
	Measurement of Respiration and Instrumentation
		Measuring Rate
		Measuring Pressure
		Measuring Lung Volumes and Respiratory Capacities
	Process of Gas Exchange
	Chapter Summary
	References
4 Anatomy of Phonation
	Introduction
	Larynx
		Cartilages of the Larynx
		Membranes and Ligaments
		Muscles of the Larynx
	Chapter Summary
	References
5 Physiology of Phonation
	Nonspeech (Biological) Functions
		Breathing
		Abdominal and Thoracic Fixation
		Protection During the Swallow Reflex
		Throat Clearing and Coughing
	Phonation
		Coordinative Structures of Voice
	Theories of Phonation
		Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory
		Body-Cover Theory
		Nonlinear Source-Filter Coupling Theory
	Parameters of Voice
		Elasticity, Stiffness, and Inertia
		Acoustic Parameters
		Amplitude and Intensity
		Aerodynamic Parameters
	Variations in Vocal Fold Closure Patterns, Mucosal Wave, and Periodicity of Vibration
		Vocal Fold Closure
		Movement of the Mucosal Wave
		Regularity and Periodicity of Vibration
		Vocal Register
		Sustained Phonation and Attack
		Linguistic Aspects of Phonation
	Chapter Summary
	References
6 Anatomy of Articulation, Swallowing, and Resonance
	Introduction
	Bones of the Face
		Mandible
		Maxillae
		Anatomy of the Hard Palate
		Zygomatic Bones
		Nasal Bones
		Palatine Bones
		Inferior Nasal Conchae
		Vomer
		Lacrimal Bone
	Bones of the Skull
		Ethmoid
		Frontal Bone
		Parietal Bones
		Temporal Bones
		Occipital Bone
		Sphenoid
	Muscles of the Face
		Orbicularis Oris
		Transverse Muscles
		Elevators
		Depressors
		Parallel Muscles: Incisivus Labii Superior and the Incisivus Labii Inferior
	Supplementary Muscles of Facial Expression
	Cavities of the Vocal Tract
		The Oral Cavity
		Buccal Cavities
		Nasal Cavity
		Pharynx
	Muscles of the Tongue
		Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
		Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
	Muscles of Mastication
		Masseter (Figures 6–58 and 6–59)
		Temporalis (Figures 6–58 and 6–60)
		Medial Pterygoid (Figure 6–61)
		Lateral Pterygoid (Figure 6–62)
		Digastricus (Figures 6–58 and 6–63)
		Mylohyoid (Figures 6–58 and 6–64)
		Geniohyoid (Figures 6–53 and 6–58)
		Platysma (Figure 6–34)
	Muscles of the Velum
		Elevators of the Velum
		Depressors of the Velum
	Muscles of the Pharynx
		Pharyngeal Constrictors
		Longitudinal Muscles of the Pharynx
	Chapter Summary
	References
7 Physiology of Articulation and Resonance
	Introduction to Articulation and Resonance
	Physiology of Articulation and Resonance
		Role of the Lips in Articulation
		Role of the Tongue in Articulation
		Role of the Muscles of the Tongue in Articulation
		Role of the Tongue in Consonant Production
		Role of the Tongue in Vowel Production
		Role of the Teeth in Articulation
		Role of the Mandible in Articulation
		Role of Cheeks in Articulation and Resonance
		Role of Velum in Articulation and Resonance
		Role of the Pharynx in Articulation
	Chapter Summary
	References
8 Physiology of Swallowing
	Introduction to Swallowing
	Process of Mastication and Deglutition
		Oral Preparatory Stage Described
		Oral Stage Described
		Pharyngeal Stage Described
		Esophageal Stage Described
	Instrumentation
		Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study/Modified Barium Swallow
		Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallow
		High-Resolution Manometry
	Changes With Age
		Childhood Development
		Changes With Normal Aging
	Coordination of Respiration and Deglutition
	Chapter Summary
	References
9 Anatomy of Hearing
	Structures of the Auditory Mechanism
	Outer Ear
		Auricle
		External Auditory Meatus
		Tympanic Membrane
	Middle Ear
		Ossicles
		Muscles of the Middle Ear
		Landmarks of the Middle Ear Cavity
	Inner Ear
		Auditory System: Cochlea and Related Structures
		Vestibular System
		Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)
	Changes With Age (Presbycusis)
	Chapter Summary
	References
10 Physiology of Hearing and Balance
	Properties of Sound
	Physiology of the Outer Ear
		Pinna and External Auditory Meatus
	Physiology of the Middle Ear
		Movement of the Tympanic Membrane and the Ossicular Chain
	Eustachian Tube
	Physiology of the Inner Ear
		Stimulation of the Cochlea
		Transduction
	Auditory Central Nervous System
		Afferent Pathway
		Efferent Pathway
		Auditory Cortex: Auditory Processing and Speech Perception
	Vestibular System
	Instrumentation
		Otoscopy
		Pure Tone Audiometry
		Speech Reception Threshold
		Tympanometry
		Acoustic Reflex Testing
		Otoacoustic Emissions
		Auditory Brainstem Response
		Electrocochleography
	Types of Hearing Loss
		Conductive Hearing Loss
		Sensorineural Hearing Loss
		Mixed Hearing Loss
	Chapter Summary
	References
11 Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology: Part 1
	Cells of the Nervous System
		Neurons
		Neuroglia
	The Central Nervous System
		The Brain
	Chapter Summary
	References
12 Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology: Part 2
	The Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres
		Frontal Lobes
		Parietal Lobes
		Temporal Lobes
		The Occipital Lobes
	Subcortical Structures
		The Brainstem
	The Cerebellum
	The Thalamus
	The Basal Ganglia
	The Limbic System
	The Spinal Cord
	Blood Supply to the Brain
	The Peripheral Nervous System
		The Spinal Nerves
	Chapter Summary
	References
Glossary
Index