Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, Third Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 18
To The Learner......Page 23
To The Instructor......Page 24
About The Author......Page 26
Acknowledgments......Page 27
How to Use This Book......Page 29
How to Use StudyWARE[sup(™)] to Accompany Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, Third Edition......Page 34
CHAPTER 1 The Human Body......Page 39
Introduction......Page 40
Terms of Direction......Page 41
Planes......Page 42
Cavities......Page 43
Structural Units......Page 44
Homeostasis......Page 50
Summary Outline......Page 51
Review Questions......Page 52
CHAPTER 2 The Chemistry of Life......Page 55
Elements, Isotopes, Compounds......Page 57
Bonds and Energy......Page 59
Water......Page 60
Mineral Salts......Page 61
Lipids......Page 62
Nucleic Acids......Page 63
Adenosine Triphosphate......Page 64
Diffusion......Page 67
Osmosis......Page 68
pH......Page 69
Summary Outline......Page 72
Review Questions......Page 75
Laboratory Exercise: The Chemistry of Life......Page 76
CHAPTER 3 Cell Structure......Page 77
Introduction......Page 78
History of The Cell Theory......Page 80
The Cell Membrane......Page 81
The Nucleus......Page 83
Endoplasmic Reticulum......Page 85
Ribosomes......Page 86
Centrioles......Page 87
Cilia and Flagella......Page 88
Plastids of Plant Cells......Page 89
Summary Outline......Page 91
Review Questions......Page 93
Laboratory Exercise: Cell Structure......Page 95
CHAPTER 4 Cellular Metabolism and Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis......Page 99
Glycolysis......Page 101
The Electron Transport (Transfer) System......Page 103
Anaerobic Respiration......Page 105
Production of ATP from General Food Compounds......Page 106
Introduction to Cellular Reproduction......Page 107
The History of the Discovery of DNA......Page 108
The Anatomy of the DNA Molecule......Page 110
Mitosis......Page 113
Meiosis: A Reduction Division......Page 115
The Stages of Meiosis......Page 116
A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis.......Page 119
Summary Outline......Page 125
Review Questions......Page 129
Laboratory Exercise: Cellular Metabolism......Page 130
CHAPTER 5 Tissues......Page 131
Classification Based on Arrangement......Page 133
Classification Based on Function......Page 135
Loose Connective Tissue......Page 136
Specialized Connective Tissue......Page 138
Connective Tissue Functions......Page 141
Muscle Tissue......Page 143
Nervous Tissue......Page 145
Summary Outline......Page 146
Review Questions......Page 148
Laboratory Exercise: Tissues......Page 149
CHAPTER 6 The Integumentary System......Page 151
The Layers of The Skin......Page 152
The Epidermis......Page 154
The Dermis......Page 156
Hair......Page 157
Sweat Glands......Page 160
Sensation......Page 161
Protection......Page 162
Thermoregulation......Page 163
Secretion......Page 167
Summary Outline......Page 169
Review Questions......Page 171
Laboratory Exercise: The Integumentary System......Page 172
CHAPTER 7 The Skeletal System......Page 173
The Growth and Formation of Bone......Page 175
Types of Ossification......Page 177
Cancellous Bone......Page 179
Bone Marrow......Page 180
Long Bones......Page 181
Processes......Page 182
The Cranial Bones......Page 183
The Facial Bones......Page 187
The Foramina of the Skull......Page 188
The Torso or Trunk......Page 189
The Bones of the Upper Extremities......Page 192
The Bones of the Lower Extremities......Page 195
The Arches of the Foot......Page 198
Summary Outline......Page 205
Review Questions......Page 207
Laboratory Exercise: The Skeletal System......Page 210
CHAPTER 8 The Articular System......Page 211
Synarthroses......Page 212
Diarthroses or Synovial Joints......Page 213
Movements at Synovial Joints......Page 214
The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints......Page 217
Bursae......Page 220
Summary Outline......Page 223
Review Questions......Page 224
Laboratory Exercise: The Articular System......Page 226
CHAPTER 9 The Muscular System......Page 227
The Anatomy of Skeletal or Striated Muscle......Page 229
Neuroelectrical Factors.......Page 232
Chemical Interactions......Page 233
The Muscle Twitch......Page 236
The Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle......Page 237
The Naming and Actions of Skeletal Muscles......Page 238
Muscles Moving the Shoulder Girdle......Page 239
Muscles Moving the Elbow......Page 242
Muscles Moving the Wrist......Page 245
Muscles Moving the Thumb......Page 247
Muscles of Respiration or Breathing......Page 248
Muscles Moving the Knee Joint......Page 249
Muscles Moving the Toes......Page 250
Summary Outline......Page 257
Review Questions......Page 260
Laboratory Exercise: The Muscular System......Page 262
CHAPTER 10 The Nervous System: Introduction, Spinal Cord, and Spinal Nerves......Page 263
Organization......Page 265
Neuroglia Cells......Page 266
The Structure of a Neuron......Page 267
The Physiology of the Nerve Impulse......Page 269
The Reflex Arc......Page 272
The Spinal Cord......Page 273
Functions of the Spinal Cord......Page 274
The Spinal Nerves......Page 275
Summary Outline......Page 276
Review Questions......Page 278
Laboratory Exercise: The Nervous System......Page 280
CHAPTER 11 The Nervous System: Brain, Cranial Nerves, Autonomic Nervous System, and the Special Senses......Page 281
The Principal Parts of the Brain......Page 283
The Anatomy and Functions of the Brainstem......Page 285
The Anatomy and Functions of the Diencephalon.......Page 287
The Cerebrum: Structure and Function......Page 288
The Autonomic Nervous System......Page 289
The 12 Cranial Nerves and their Functions......Page 291
The Special Senses......Page 292
The Sense of Smell......Page 293
The Sense of Sight......Page 294
The Sense of Hearing and Equilibrium......Page 297
Summary Outline......Page 304
Review Questions......Page 306
Laboratory Exercise: The Nervous System......Page 308
CHAPTER 12 The Endocrine System......Page 309
Introduction......Page 311
The Functions of Hormones......Page 312
The Anterior Pituitary Gland, Its Hormones, and Some Disorders......Page 314
The Posterior Pituitary Gland and Its Hormones......Page 317
The Parathyroid Glands, Their Hormone, and Some Disorders......Page 318
The Adrenal Glands, Their Hormones, and Some Disorders......Page 319
The Pancreas, Its Hormones, and Some Disorders......Page 321
The Testes and the Ovaries......Page 322
The Pineal Gland and Its Hormone......Page 325
Summary Outline......Page 327
Review Questions......Page 330
Laboratory Exercise: Th e Blood......Page 333
CHAPTER 13 The Blood......Page 335
Functions of the Blood......Page 336
The Classification of Blood Cells and the Composition of Plasma......Page 337
Formation of Blood Cells: Hematopoiesis......Page 339
Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions......Page 340
The Clotting Mechanism......Page 342
The Rh Blood Group......Page 345
Summary Outline......Page 349
Review Questions......Page 350
Laboratory Exercise: The Blood......Page 352
CHAPTER 14 The Cardiovascular System......Page 353
Introduction......Page 355
The Anatomy of the Heart......Page 356
The Layers of the Heart Wall......Page 357
The Chambers of the Heart......Page 358
The Great Vessels of the Heart......Page 359
Blood Flow through the Heart......Page 360
The Conduction System of the Heart......Page 361
Some Major Blood Circulatory Routes......Page 362
Anatomy of Blood Vessels......Page 363
Major Arteries and Veins of the Body......Page 364
Aortic Arch Branches......Page 366
Abdominal Aorta Branches......Page 369
Veins Merging into the Inferior Vena Cava......Page 371
Summary Outline......Page 373
Review Questions......Page 375
Laboratory Exercise: The Cardiovascular System......Page 377
CHAPTER 15 The Lymphatic System......Page 379
Introduction......Page 380
The Functions of the System and the Structure and Functions of the Lymphatic Vessels......Page 381
Lymphatic Vessels......Page 382
Lymph Circulation......Page 384
The Organs of the Lymphatic System......Page 387
Antigens and Antibodies......Page 389
Cells of the Immune Response and Other Defenses......Page 390
Summary Outline......Page 398
Review Questions......Page 400
Laboratory Exercise: The Lymphatic System......Page 402
CHAPTER 16 Nutrition and the Digestive System......Page 403
General Organization......Page 405
Histology......Page 406
The Mouth or Oral Cavity......Page 410
Teeth......Page 412
The Pharynx......Page 415
The Esophagus......Page 416
The Pancreas......Page 417
The Liver......Page 420
The Small Intestine......Page 421
The Large Intestine......Page 422
The Formation of the Feces......Page 429
Summary Outline......Page 431
Review Questions......Page 432
Laboratory Exercise: The Digestive System......Page 435
CHAPTER 17 The Respiratory System......Page 439
Introduction......Page 440
The Anatomy and Functions of the Nose......Page 441
The Larynx or Voice Box......Page 444
The Trachea or Windpipe......Page 446
The Bronchi and the Bronchial Tree......Page 447
The Anatomy and Function of the Lungs......Page 448
The Respiration Process......Page 450
Lung Capacity......Page 455
Summary Outline......Page 457
Review Questions......Page 459
Laboratory Exercise: The Respiratory System......Page 461
CHAPTER 18 The Urinary System......Page 463
Introduction......Page 465
Functions of the Urinary System......Page 467
The Anatomy of the Nephrons......Page 468
Blood and Nerve Supply to the Nephrons......Page 470
Physiology of the Nephrons......Page 472
The Ureters: Anatomy and Function......Page 474
The Urethra: Male and Female Positions......Page 475
Summary Outline......Page 480
Review Questions......Page 482
Laboratory Exercise: The Urinary System.......Page 484
CHAPTER 19 The Reproductive System......Page 485
The Testes......Page 487
The Functions of Testosterone......Page 490
The Ducts of the System......Page 491
The Accessory Glands......Page 492
The Penis......Page 493
The Ovaries......Page 494
The Uterine or Fallopian Tubes......Page 497
The Menstrual Cycle......Page 499
The External Genitalia of the Female......Page 501
Pregnancy and Embryonic Development......Page 503
Summary Outline......Page 513
Review Questions......Page 517
Laboratory Exercise: The Reproductive System......Page 520
Appendix......Page 523
Glossary......Page 524
Index......Page 549