Fundamentals and applications of microfluidics

Fundamentals and Applications of Microfluidics, Third Edition
Contents
Preface to the Third Edition
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1
Introduction
	1.1 WHAT IS MICROFLUIDICS?
		1.1.1 Relationships Among MEMS, Nanotechnology, and Microfluidics
		1.1.2 Commercial Aspects
		1.1.3 Scientific Aspects
	1.2 MILESTONES OF MICROFLUIDICS
		1.2.1 Microscale Fluidic Phenomena
		1.2.2 Device Development
		1.2.3 Technology Development
	1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK
	References
Chapter 2
Fluid Mechanics Theory
	2.1 INTRODUCTION
		2.1.1 Intermolecular Forces
		2.1.2 The Three States of Matter
		2.1.3 Continuum Assumption
	2.2 CONTINUUM FLUID MECHANICS AT SMALL SCALES
		2.2.1 Gas Flows
		2.2.2 Liquid Flows
		2.2.3 Boundary Conditions
		2.2.4 Parallel Flows
		2.2.5 Low Reynolds Number Flows
		2.2.6 Entrance Effects
		2.2.7 Surface Tension
	2.3 MOLECULAR APPROACHES
		2.3.1 MD
		2.3.2 DSMC Technique
	2.4 ELECTROKINETICS
		2.4.1 Electro-Osmosis
		2.4.2 Electrophoresis
		2.4.3 Dielectrophoresis
	2.5 MICROMAGNETOFLUIDICS
		2.5.1 Ferrohydrodynamics
		2.5.2 Magnetorheology
	2.6 OPTOFLUIDICS
		2.6.1 Optofluidic Lenses
	2.7 MICROACOUSTOFLUIDICS
	2.8 CONCLUSION
	Problems
	References
Chapter 3
Fabrication Techniques for Microfluidics
	3.1 BASIC MICROTECHNIQUES
		3.1.1 Photolithography
		3.1.2 Additive Techniques
		3.1.3 Subtractive Techniques
		3.1.4 Pattern Transfer Techniques
	3.2 FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
		3.2.1 Materials Related to Silicon Technology
		3.2.2 Polymers
	3.3 SILICON-BASED MICROMACHINING TECHNIQUES
		3.3.1 Silicon Bulk Micromachining
		3.3.2 Silicon Surface Micromachining
	3.4 POLYMER-BASED MICROMACHINING TECHNIQUES
		3.4.1 Thick Resist Lithography
		3.4.2 Polymeric Bulk Micromachining
		3.4.3 Polymeric Surface Micromachining
		3.4.4 Microstereo Lithography (MSL)
		3.4.5 Micromolding
	3.5 FABRICATION TECHNIQUES FOR PAPER-BASED MICROFLUIDICS
		3.5.1 Wax Printing
		3.5.2 Inkjet Printing
		3.5.3 Paper Photolithography
		3.5.4 Flexographic Printing
	3.6 OTHER MICROMACHINING TECHNIQUES
		3.6.1 Subtractive Techniques
		3.6.2 Additive Techniques
	3.7 ASSEMBLY AND PACKAGING OF MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES
		3.7.1 Wafer-Level Assembly and Packaging
		3.7.2 Device-Level Packaging
	3.8 BIOCOMPATIBILITY
		3.8.1 Material Response
		3.8.2 Tissue and Cellular Response
	Problems
	References
Chapter 4Experimental Flow Characterization
	4.1 INTRODUCTION
		4.1.1 Pointwise MethodsLaser Doppler velocimetry (
		4.1.2 Full-Field Methods
	4.2 OVERVIEW OF PIV
		4.2.1 Fundamental Physics Considerations of PIV
		4.2.2 Special Processing Methods for PIV Recordings
		4.2.3 Advanced Processing Methods Suitable for Both Micro/Macro-PIV Recordings
	4.3 PIV EXAMPLES
		4.3.1 Flow in a Microchannel
		4.3.2 Flow in a Micronozzle
		4.3.3 Flow Around a Blood Cell
		4.3.4 Flow in Microfluidic Biochip
		4.3.5 Conclusions
	4.4 EXTENSIONS OF THE PIV TECHNIQUE
		4.4.1 Microfluidic Nanoscope
		4.4.2 Microparticle Image Thermometry
		4.4.3 Infrared PIV
		4.4.4 Particle-Tracking Velocimetry
	Problems
	References
Chapter 5
Microfluidics for External Flow Control
	5.1 VELOCITY AND TURBULENCE MEASUREMENT
		5.1.1 Velocity Sensors
		5.1.2 Shear Stress Sensors
	5.2 TURBULENCE CONTROL
		5.2.1 Microflaps
		5.2.2 Microballoon
		5.2.3 Microsynthetic Jet
	5.3 MICROAIR VEHICLES
		5.3.1 Fixed-Wing MAV
		5.3.3 Microrotorcraft
		5.3.4 Microrockets
	References
Chapter 6
Microfluidics for Internal Flow Control:Microvalves
	6.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
		6.1.1 Actuators
		6.1.2 Valve Spring
		6.1.3 Valve Seat
		6.1.4 Pressure Compensation Design
	6.2 DESIGN EXAMPLES
		6.2.1 Methods of Valve Integration
		6.2.2 Pneumatic Valves
		6.2.3 Pinch Valves
		6.2.4 Thermopneumatic Valves
		6.2.5 Thermomechanical Valves
		6.2.6 Piezoelectric Valves
		6.2.7 Electrostatic Valves
		6.2.8 Electromagnetic Valves
		6.2.9 Electrochemical and Chemical Valves
		6.2.10 Capillary-Force Valves
	6.3 SUMMARY
	Problems
	References
Chapter 7 Microfluidics for Internal Flow Control:Micropumps
	7.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
		7.1.1 Mechanical Pumps
		7.1.2 Nonmechanical Pumps
	7.2 DESIGN EXAMPLES
		7.2.1 Mechanical Pumps
		7.2.2 Nonmechanical Pumps
	7.3 SUMMARY
	Problems
	References
Chapter 8
Microfluidics for Internal Flow Control: MicroflowSensors
	8.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
		8.1.1 Design Parameters
		8.1.2 Nonthermal Flow Sensors
		8.1.3 Thermal Flow Sensors
	8.2 DESIGN EXAMPLES
		8.2.1 Nonthermal Flow Sensors
		8.2.2 Thermal Flow Sensors
	8.3 SUMMARY
	Problems
	References
Chapter 9 Microfluidics for Life Sciences and Chemistry: Microneedles
	9.1 DELIVERY STRATEGIES
	9.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
		9.2.1 Mechanical Design
		9.2.2 Delivery Modes
	9.3 DESIGN EXAMPLES
		9.3.1 Solid Microneedles
		9.3.2 Hollow Microneedles
		9.3.3 Bio-Inspired Microneedles
		9.3.4 Polymeric Microneedles
	9.4 SUMMARY
	Problems
	References
Chapter 10 Microfluidics for Life Sciences and Chemistry: Micromixers
	10.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
		10.1.1 Parallel Lamination
		10.1.2 Sequential Lamination
		10.1.3 Sequential Segmentation
		10.1.4 Segmentation Based on Injection
		10.1.5 Focusing of Mixing Streams
		10.1.6 Formation of Droplets and Chaotic Advection
	10.2 DESIGN EXAMPLES
		10.2.1 Passive Micromixers
		10.2.2 Active Micromixers
	10.3 SUMMARY
	Problems
	References
Chapter 11 Microfluidics for Life Sciences and Chemistry: Microdispensers
	11.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
		11.1.1 Droplet Dispensers
		11.1.2 In-Channel Dispensers
		11.1.3 Applications of In-Channel Dispensers
	11.2 DESIGN EXA
		11.2.1 Droplet Dispensers
		11.2.2 In-Channel Dispensers
	11.3 SUMMARY
	Problems
	References
Chapter 12 Microfluidics for Life Sciences and Chemistry:Microfilters and Microseparators
	12.1 MICROFILTERS
		12.1.1 Design Considerations
		12.1.2 Design Examples
	12.2 MICROSEPARATORS FOR CELL AND PARTICLE SORTING
		12.2.1 Active Sorting
		12.2.2 Passive Sorting
	12.3 CHROMATOGRAPHY
		12.3.1 Design Considerations
		12.3.2 Gas Chromatography
		12.3.3 Liquid Chromatography
	12.4 ELECTROPHORESIS
	12.5 OTHER SEPARATION CONCEPTS
	12.6 SUMMARY
	Problems
	References
Chapter 13 Microfluidics for Life Sciences and Chemistry:
Microreactors
	13.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
		13.1.1 Specification Bases for Microreactors
		13.1.2 Miniaturization of Chemical Processes
		13.1.3 Functional Elements of a Microreactor
	13.2 DESIGN EXAMPLES
		13.2.1 Gas-Phase Reactors
		13.2.2 Liquid-Phase Reactors
		13.2.3 Multiphase Reactors
		13.2.4 Microreactors for Cell Culture
		13.2.5 Microreactors for Cell Treatment
		13.2.6 Hybridization Arrays
	13.3 SUMMARY
	Problems
	References
Appendix A: List of Symbols
Appendix B: Resources for Microfluidics Research
Appendix C: Abbreviations of Different Plastics
Appendix D: Linear Elastic Deflection Models
About the Authors
Index