Fundamental Principles of Nuclear Engineering

Contents
1 Fundamentals of Mathematics and Physics
	1.1 Calculus
		1.1.1 Differential and Derivative
		1.1.2 Integral
		1.1.3 Laplace Operator
	1.2 Units
		1.2.1 Unit Systems
		1.2.2 Conversion of Units
		1.2.3 Graphics of Physical Quantity
	References
2 Thermodynamics
	2.1 Thermodynamic Properties
	2.2 Energy
		2.2.1 Heat and Work
		2.2.2 Energy and Power
	2.3 System and Process
	2.4 Phase Change
	2.5 Property Diagrams
		2.5.1 Pressure-Temperature (p-T) Diagram
		2.5.2 Pressure-Specific Volume (p-v) Diagram
		2.5.3 Pressure-Enthalpy (p-h) Diagram
		2.5.4 Enthalpy-Temperature (h-T) Diagram
		2.5.5 Temperature-Entropy (T-s) Diagram
		2.5.6 Enthalpy-Entropy (h-s) or Mollier Diagram
	2.6 The First Law of Thermodynamics
		2.6.1 Rankine Cycle
		2.6.2 Utilization of the First Law of Thermodynamics in Nuclear Power Plant
	2.7 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
		2.7.1 Entropy
		2.7.2 Carnot’s Principle
	2.8 Power Plant Components
		2.8.1 Turbine Efficiency
		2.8.2 Pump Efficiency
		2.8.3 Ideal and Real Cycle
	2.9 Ideal Gas Law
	References
3 Heat Transfer
	3.1 Heat Transfer Terminology
	3.2 Heat Conduction
		3.2.1 Fourier’s Law of Conduction
		3.2.2 Rectangular
		3.2.3 Equivalent Resistance
		3.2.4 Cylindrical
	3.3 Convective Heat Transfer
		3.3.1 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
		3.3.2 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
	3.4 Radiant Heat Transfer
		3.4.1 Thermal Radiation
		3.4.2 Black Body Radiation
		3.4.3 Radiation Configuration Factor
	3.5 Heat Exchangers
	3.6 Boiling Heat Transfer
		3.6.1 Flow Boiling
		3.6.2 Departure from Nucleate Boiling and Critical Heat Flux
	3.7 Heat Generation
		3.7.1 Total Power of Reactor Core
		3.7.2 Flatten of Power
		3.7.3 Hot Channel Factor
		3.7.4 Decay Heat
	References
4 Fluid Flow
	4.1 Continuity Equation
	4.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
		4.2.1 Reynolds Number and Hydraulic Diameter
		4.2.2 Flow Velocity Profiles
		4.2.3 Average (Bulk) Velocity
		4.2.4 Viscosity
	4.3 Bernoulli’s Equation
		4.3.1 Venturi Meter
		4.3.2 Extended Bernoulli Equation
	4.4 Head Loss
		4.4.1 Frictional Loss
		4.4.2 Minor Losses
	4.5 Natural Circulation
		4.5.1 Thermal Driving Head
		4.5.2 Conditions Required for Natural Circulation
	4.6 Two-Phase Fluid Flow
		4.6.1 Two-Phase Friction Multiplier
		4.6.2 Flow Patterns
		4.6.3 Flow Instability
	4.7 Some Specific Phenomenon
		4.7.1 Pipe Whip
		4.7.2 Water Hammer and Steam Hammer
	References
5 Electrical Science
	5.1 Basic Electrical Theory
		5.1.1 The Atom
		5.1.2 Electrostatic Force
		5.1.3 Coulomb’s Law of Electrostatic Charges
	5.2 Electrical Terminology
	5.3 Ohm’s Law
	5.4 Methods of Producing Voltage (Electricity)
		5.4.1 Electrochemistry
		5.4.2 Static Electricity
		5.4.3 Magnetic Induction
		5.4.4 Piezoelectric Effect
		5.4.5 Thermoelectricity
		5.4.6 Photoelectric Effect
		5.4.7 Thermionic Emission
	5.5 Magnetism
		5.5.1 Magnetic Flux
		5.5.2 Electromagnetism
		5.5.3 Magnetomotive Force
		5.5.4 Magnetic Field Intensity
		5.5.5 Permeability and Reluctance
		5.5.6 Magnetic Circuits
		5.5.7 BH Magnetization Curve
		5.5.8 Magnetic Induction
		5.5.9 Faraday’s Law of Induced Voltage
	5.6 DC Theory
		5.6.1 Dc Sources
		5.6.2 Resistance and Resistivity
		5.6.3 Kirchhoff’s Law
		5.6.4 Inductors
		5.6.5 Capacitor
		5.6.6 DC Generators
		5.6.7 DC Motors
	5.7 Alternating Current
		5.7.1 Development of a Sine-Wave Output
		5.7.2 Basic AC Reactive Components
		5.7.3 AC Power
		5.7.4 Three-Phase Circuits
		5.7.5 AC Generator
		5.7.6 AC Motor
		5.7.7 Transformer
	References
6 Instrumentation and Control
	6.1 Temperature Detect
		6.1.1 Resistance Temperature Detector
		6.1.2 Thermocouple
		6.1.3 Temperature Detection Circuitry
	6.2 Pressure Detector
		6.2.1 Bellows-Type Detectors
		6.2.2 Bourdon Tube-Type Detectors
		6.2.3 Resistance-Type Transducers
	6.3 Level Detector
		6.3.1 Gauge Glass
		6.3.2 Ball Float
		6.3.3 Conductivity Probe
		6.3.4 Differential Pressure Level Detectors
	6.4 Flow Measurement
		6.4.1 Venturi Flow Meter
		6.4.2 Pitot Tube
		6.4.3 Rotameter
		6.4.4 Steam Flow Measurement
	6.5 Position Measurement
		6.5.1 Synchro Equipment
		6.5.2 Limit Switch
		6.5.3 Reed Switch
		6.5.4 Potentiometer
		6.5.5 Linear Variable Differential Transformer
	6.6 Radioactivity Measurement
		6.6.1 Radiation Type
		6.6.2 Gas Ionization Detector
		6.6.3 Proportional Counter
		6.6.4 Ionization Chamber
		6.6.5 Geiger-Miller Counter
		6.6.6 Scintillation Counter
		6.6.7 Gamma Spectroscopy
		6.6.8 Miscellaneous Detectors
		6.6.9 Circuitry and Circuit Elements
		6.6.10 Detect of Neutron Flux in Reactor
		6.6.11 Nuclear Power Measurement
	6.7 Principles of Process Control
		6.7.1 Control Loop Diagrams
		6.7.2 Two Position Control Systems
		6.7.3 Proportional Control
		6.7.4 Integral Control Systems
		6.7.5 Proportional Plus Integral Control Systems
		6.7.6 Proportional Plus Derivative Control Systems
		6.7.7 Proportional-Integral-Derivative Control Systems
		6.7.8 Controllers and Valve Actuators
	References
7 Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
	7.1 Chemical Basis
		7.1.1 The Atom Structure
		7.1.2 Chemical Elements and Molecules
		7.1.3 Avogadro’s Number
		7.1.4 The Periodic Table
	7.2 Chemical Bonding
		7.2.1 Ionic Bond
		7.2.2 Covalent Bonds
		7.2.3 Metallic Bonds
		7.2.4 Van Der Waals Forces
		7.2.5 Hydrogen Bond
	7.3 Organic Chemistry
	7.4 Chemical Equations
		7.4.1 Le Chatelier’s Principle
		7.4.2 Concentrations of Solutions
		7.4.3 Chemical Equations
	7.5 Acids, Bases, Salts, and pH
	7.6 Corrosion
		7.6.1 Corrosion Theory
		7.6.2 General Corrosion
		7.6.3 Crud and Galvanic Corrosion
		7.6.4 Specialized Corrosion
	7.7 Water Chemistry of Reactor
		7.7.1 Chemistry Parameters of Reactor
		7.7.2 Water Treatment
		7.7.3 Dissolved Gases and Suspended Solids
		7.7.4 Water Purity
		7.7.5 Radiation Chemistry of Water
	7.8 Extraction and Refinement of Uranium
		7.8.1 Leaching of Uranium
		7.8.2 Extraction of Uranium
		7.8.3 Refining of Uranium
	7.9 Chemical Conversion of Uranium
		7.9.1 Preparation of Uranium Dioxide
		7.9.2 Preparation of UF4
		7.9.3 Preparation of UF6
		7.9.4 Preparation of Metallic Uranium
	References
8 Material Science
	8.1 Structure of Metal
		8.1.1 Types of Crystal
		8.1.2 Grain Structure and Boundary
		8.1.3 Polymorphism
		8.1.4 Alloy
		8.1.5 Imperfections in Metals
	8.2 Properties of Metal
		8.2.1 Stress and Strain
		8.2.2 Hooke’s Law
		8.2.3 Relationship Between Stress and Strain
		8.2.4 Physical Properties of Material
	8.3 Heat Treatment of Metal
	8.4 Hydrogen Embrittlement and Irradiation Effect
	8.5 Thermal Stress
	8.6 Brittle Fracture
		8.6.1 Brittle Fracture Mechanism
		8.6.2 Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature
	8.7 Materials in Nuclear Reactor
		8.7.1 Nuclear Fuel
		8.7.2 Structure Materials
		8.7.3 Coolant
		8.7.4 Moderator
	References
9 Mechanical Science
	9.1 Diesel Engine
		9.1.1 Major Components of a Diesel Engine
		9.1.2 Diesel Engine Support Systems
		9.1.3 Principle of Diesel Engine
	9.2 Heat Exchanger
	9.3 Pump
		9.3.1 Centrifugal Pump
		9.3.2 Positive Displacement Pump
		9.3.3 Coolant Pump for Pressurized Water Reactor Nuclear Power Plant
	9.4 Valve
		9.4.1 Valve Type
		9.4.2 Basic Structure of Valve
		9.4.3 Typical Valves
		9.4.4 Pressure Relief Valve and Safety Valve
	9.5 Miscellaneous Mechanical Components
		9.5.1 Air Compressor
		9.5.2 Hydraulic Press
		9.5.3 Evaporator
		9.5.4 Steam Generator
		9.5.5 Cooling Tower
		9.5.6 Pressurizers
		9.5.7 Diffusion Separator
	References
10 Nuclear Physics
	10.1 Atomic Nucleus
		10.1.1 Atomic Number and Mass Number
		10.1.2 Isotope
		10.1.3 Chart of Nuclides
	10.2 Mass Defect and Binding Energy
		10.2.1 Mass Loss
		10.2.2 Binding Energy
		10.2.3 Energy Level Theory
	10.3 Radioactive Decay
		10.3.1 Discovery of Radioactive Decay
		10.3.2 Category Decay
		10.3.3 Decay Chain
		10.3.4 Half-Life
		10.3.5 Radioactivity
		10.3.6 Radioactive Equilibrium
	10.4 Neutron Interactions with Matter
		10.4.1 Scattering Process
		10.4.2 Thermal Neutron
		10.4.3 Radiative Capture Effect
		10.4.4 Particle Emission
		10.4.5 Fission
	10.5 Nuclear Fission
		10.5.1 The Liquid Drop Model of Nuclear Fission
		10.5.2 Fissile Material
		10.5.3 Specific Binding Energy
		10.5.4 The Energy Released from Nuclear Fission
	References
11 Reactor Theory
	11.1 Neutron Source
		11.1.1 Natural Neutron Source
		11.1.2 Artificial Neutron Source
		11.1.3 PWR Neutron Source Assembly
	11.2 Nuclear Cross-Section
		11.2.1 Neutron Reaction Cross Section
		11.2.2 Mean Free Path
		11.2.3 Temperature Effects Cross Section
	11.3 Neutron Flux
		11.3.1 Fick’s Law
		11.3.2 Neutron Diffusion Equation
		11.3.3 Self-Shielding
	11.4 Reactor Power
		11.4.1 Fission Rate
		11.4.2 Volumetric Heat Release Rate
		11.4.3 Nuclear Power of Reactor Core
	11.5 Neutron Moderation
		11.5.1 Neutron Slowing
		11.5.2 The Release of Fission Neutron
		11.5.3 Neutron Generation Time
		11.5.4 Neutron Energy Spectrum
		11.5.5 Fermi Age Model
		11.5.6 Most Probable Neutron Velocities
	11.6 Neutron Life Cycle and Critical
		11.6.1 Multiplication Factor
		11.6.2 Four Factor Formula
		11.6.3 Effective Multiplication Factor
		11.6.4 Critical Size
		11.6.5 Critical Calculation
	11.7 Reactivity
		11.7.1 Reactivity Coefficient
		11.7.2 Temperature Reactivity Coefficient
		11.7.3 Pressure Coefficient
		11.7.4 Void Coefficient
		11.7.5 Power Coefficient
	11.8 Neutron Poisons
		11.8.1 Burnable Poisons
		11.8.2 Soluble Poisons
		11.8.3 Control Rods
		11.8.4 Xenon
		11.8.5 Samarium
	11.9 Subcritical Multiplication
		11.9.1 Subcritical Multiplication Factor
		11.9.2 Effect of Reactivity Changes on Subcritical Multiplication
		11.9.3 Use of 1/M Plots
	11.10 Reactor Kinetics
		11.10.1 Reactor Kinetics Equations
		11.10.2 In-Hour Equation
		11.10.3 Reactor Period
	11.11 Nuclear Power Plant Operation
		11.11.1 Startup of Reactor
		11.11.2 Startup of Nuclear Power Plant
		11.11.3 Nuclear Power Plant Shutdown
		11.11.4 Status of Nuclear Power Plant
	11.12 Isotope Separation
		11.12.1 SWU and Value Function
		11.12.2 Diffusion Method of Isotope Separation
		11.12.3 High-Speed Centrifugation Method
		11.12.4 Laser Method
		11.12.5 Separation Nozzle
	11.13 Nuclear Fuel Cycle
		11.13.1 Cyclic Manner
		11.13.2 Key Aspects of Nuclear Fuel Cycle
		11.13.3 Nuclear Fuel Cycle Cost
	References
12 Radiation Protection
	12.1 Radiation Quantities and Units
		12.1.1 Describe the Amount of Radiation Source and Radiation Field
		12.1.2 Usual Quantities of Dosimetry
		12.1.3 Commonly Used Quantities in Radiation Protection
	12.2 Basic Principles and Standards of Radiation Protection
		12.2.1 The Basic Principles of Radiation Protection
		12.2.2 Radiation Protection Standards
	12.3 Radiation Protection Methods
		12.3.1 Human Radiation Effects
		12.3.2 Deterministic Effects
		12.3.3 Random Effects
	12.4 Radiation Monitoring
	12.5 Evaluation of Radiation Protection
	12.6 Radiation Emergency
	References