Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs): Fabrication, Properties, Applications, and Advancements

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editors
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Functionally Graded Materials: An Introduction
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Functionally Graded Materials in Nature
	1.3 Type of Functionally Graded Materials
	1.4 Methods of Fabrication of Functionally Graded Materials
	1.5 Areas of Application of Functionally Graded Materials
	1.6 Research Efforts in Functionally Graded Materials
	1.7 Summary
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 2 Advances in Fabrication Techniques of Functionally Graded Materials
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Classification of Functionally Graded Material Fabrication Techniques
	2.3 Liquid Phase Processing Techniques
		2.3.1 Centrifugal Force-Based Technique
			2.3.1.1 Centrifugal Casting Technique
			2.3.1.2 Centrifugal Slurry Pouring Technique
			2.3.1.3 Centrifugal Pressurization Methods
		2.3.2 Tape Casting
		2.3.3 Infiltration Technique
		2.3.4 Cast-Decant-Cast Technique
	2.4 Vapor Phase Processing Techniques
		2.4.1 Physical Vapor Deposition Techniques
			2.4.1.1 Evaporation-Based PVD
			2.4.1.2 Sputtering-Based PVD
			2.4.1.3 Plasma Spray PVD
		2.4.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition Techniques
	2.5 Deposition Techniques
		2.5.1 Thermal Spraying
		2.5.2 Electrophoretic Deposition
	2.6 Solid Phase Processing Techniques
		2.6.1 Powder Metallurgy Techniques
			2.6.1.1 Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)
		2.6.2 Friction Stir Processing (FSP)
	2.7 Additive Manufacturing Processes
	2.8 Challenges and Future Potential in Functionally Graded Materials Fabrication
	2.9 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3 Liquid Phase Processing Techniques for Functionally Graded Materials
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Liquid State Processing of FGMs
		3.2.1 Centrifugal Casting
			3.2.1.1 Centrifugal Solid Particle System (CSPM)
			3.2.1.2 Centrifugal in-Situ Method (CISM)
		3.2.2 Centrifugal Slurry Pouring Method
		3.2.3 Centrifugal Pressurized Method
			3.2.3.1 Mixed Centrifugal Power Method (MCPM)
			3.2.3.2 Centrifugal Sintered Casting Method (CSCM)
			3.2.3.3 Reactive Centrifugal Casting Method (RCCM)
		3.2.4 Slip Casting Method
		3.2.5 Tape Casting Method
		3.2.6 Method of Infiltration
		3.2.7 Gel Casting
	3.3 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4 Gaseous Phase Processing Techniques for Functionally Graded Materials
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Brief Background
		4.1.2 Organization of Chapter
	4.2 Current Status of Research
	4.3 Processing Techniques
		4.3.1 Thermal Spray Deposition
			4.3.1.1 Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS)
			4.3.1.2 High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF)
			4.3.1.3 Suspension Plasma Spraying (SPS)
			4.3.1.4 Vacuum Plasma Spraying (VPS)
		4.3.2 Physical Vapor Deposition
			4.3.2.1 Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD)
			4.3.2.2 Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD)
		4.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition
			4.3.3.1 Plasma-Enhanced/Assisted CVD
			4.3.3.2 Metal-Organic CVD
	4.4 Computational Modeling and Analysis
	4.5 Applications
		4.5.1 Functionally Graded Thermal Barrier Coatings
		4.5.2 Functionally Graded Biomedical/Bioactive Coatings
		4.5.3 Functionally Graded Coatings for Cutting Tools
	4.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 5 Fabrication of FGMs by Additive Manufacturing Techniques
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Design and Modeling for AM of FGMs
	5.3 Methods for AM of FGMs
		5.3.1 Directed Energy Deposition
		5.3.2 Powder Bed Fusion
			5.3.2.1 Selective Laser Melting and Selective Laser Sintering
			5.3.2.2 Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
		5.3.3 Material Extrusion Based
		5.3.4 Stereolithography
		5.3.5 Material Jetting
		5.3.6 Hybrid AM
	5.4 State-of-the-Art Material Systems
	5.5 Challenges in AM of FGMs
	5.6 Future Potential and Prospects
	5.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 6 Design and Fabrication of a Functionally Graded Model of Bone Using the Fused Filament Fabrication Process
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Additive Manufacturing for Functionally Graded Material
		6.1.2 Biomedical Imaging
		6.1.3 Segmentation of the Intended Body Part
		6.1.4 Medical Modeling for Additive Manufacturing
	6.2 Process of Fabricating Functionally Graded Material
		6.2.1 Biomedical Data Acquisition
		6.2.2 Medical Image Processing and Data Extraction from DICOM Images
		6.2.3 Segmentation
		6.2.4 Region Formation
		6.2.5 Contour Formation
	6.3 Toolpath Formation
	6.4 Software and Hardware Integration
	6.5 Application
	6.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7 Recent Advancements in Analysis of FGM Structures and Future Scope
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Analysis of FGM Structure
		7.2.1 Bending Studies
		7.2.2 Vibration Studies
		7.2.3 Buckling Studies
	7.3 Discussion
	7.4 Conclusion and Future Scope
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 8 Modeling and Analysis of Smart Functionally Graded Structures
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Functionally Graded Materials and Structures
		8.1.2 Power Law
		8.1.3 Exponential Law
		8.1.4 Sigmoid Function
	8.2 Smart Composite Materials
	8.3 Smart Functionally Graded Structures
	8.4 Active Constrained Layer Damping Treatment
	8.5 Functionally Graded Material Properties
		8.5.1 Material Parameters under Thermal Environment
	8.6 ANSYS Model Development
	8.7 Mathematical Model of the Smart Functionally Graded Plate
	8.8 Results Discussion
		8.8.1 Bending Analysis
		8.8.2 Vibration Analysis
	8.9 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9 Dynamic Analysis of a Porous Sandwich Functionally Graded Material Plate with Geometric Nonlinearity
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Porosity and Temperature Distribution
		9.2.1 Porosity Models
		9.2.2 Temperature Distribution
			9.2.2.1 Uniform Temperature Distribution
			9.2.2.2 Nonlinear Temperature Distribution
	9.3 Material Properties and Constitutive Relation
	9.4 Theoretical Formulation
		9.4.1 Kinematics
		9.4.2 Energy Equations
		9.4.3 Governing Equations
			9.4.3.1 Airy’s Function and Strain Compatibility Equation
			9.4.3.2 Equilibrium Equations
	9.5 Solution Procedure
		9.5.1 Assumed Solutions and Transverse Load
		9.5.2 Equivalent Axial Loads
	9.6 Equation of Motion
		9.6.1 Forced Vibration Analysis
		9.6.2 Free Vibration Analysis
		9.6.3 Static Analysis
		9.6.4 Relation between Linear Frequency, Nonlinear Frequency, and Load Amplitude with Displacement
	9.7 Validation and Convergence Study
		9.7.1 Validation Study
		9.7.2 Convergence Study
	9.8 Results and Analysis
		9.8.1 Effect of Span-to-Thickness Ratio
		9.8.2 Effect of Aspect Ratio
		9.8.3 Effect of Volume Fraction Exponent
		9.8.4 Effect of Elastic Foundation Parameters
		9.8.5 Effect of Porosity Coefficient
	9.9 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10 Functionally Graded Materials: Applications and Future Challenges
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Applications for FGMs
		10.2.1 Biomedical Applications
		10.2.2 Aerospace Applications
		10.2.3 Defense Applications
		10.2.4 Energy Applications
		10.2.5 Automobile Industry Applications
		10.2.6 Marine Applications
		10.2.7 Construction Applications
		10.2.8 Opto-Electronics Applications
		10.2.9 Machines/Equipment Applications
		10.2.10 Sports Applications
		10.2.11 Miscellaneous Applications
	10.3 Future Trends
	10.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks
	References
Index