Functionalized Nanomaterials Based Supercapacitor: Design, Performance and Industrial Applications

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Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials
Functionalized Nanomaterials Based Supercapacitor: Design, Performance and Industrial Applications
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Contents
Part I. Modern Perspective in Supercapacitor: Functionalized Nanomaterials (FNMs)
	1. Historical Perspective of Nanotechnology and Functionalized Nanomaterials
		1. Origin of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
		2. Development of Nanotechnology Over the Years
		3. Types of Nanomaterials
			3.1 Morphology
			3.2 Dimensionality
			3.3 Composition
		4. Synthesis of Nanomaterials
			4.1 Top-Down Method
			4.2 Bottom-Up Method
		5. Functionalized Nanomaterials
			5.1 Methods of Surface Functionalization
		References
	2. An Introductory View About Supercapacitors
		1. Introduction
		2. Energy Storage Devices
			2.1 Battery
			2.2 Capacitor
			2.3 Supercapacitor
		3. Application and Fundamentals of Supercapacitor
			3.1 Energy Storage in Supercapacitors
			3.2 Application of Supercapacitors
		4. Types of Supercapacitor
			4.1 Classification on the Basis of Energy Storage Mechanism
			4.2 Symmetric & Asymmetric Supercapacitors
			4.3 Classification of Supercapacitors on the Basis of Electrode Material
			4.4 Nanocomposite-Based Electrode Materials
		5. Separators for Supercapacitors
			5.1 Separator Membrane Materials
			5.2 Bio-based Separator Membranes
		6. Substrates for Supercapacitors
			6.1 Metal Substrates
			6.2 Carbon Paper and Carbon Nanofoam
			6.3 Conventional Paper Substrates
			6.4 Textile Substrates
			6.5 Sponge Substrates
			6.6 Cable-Type Substrates
		7. Challenges
			7.1 Engineering or Technical Issues
			7.2 Establishment of Electrical Parameter Model
			7.3 Consistency Detection
			7.4 Industrial Standard
		8. Future Opportunities
			8.1 Requirement of the Society
			8.2 Flexible Device and Microminiaturization
			8.3 Hybridization
			8.4 Intelligentization and Transparency
			8.5 Improvement of the Cost Performance
		9. Conclusions
		References
	3. Functionalized Nanomaterials, Classification, Properties, and Functionalization Techniques
		1. Introduction
		2. Functionalized Nanomaterials
		3. Choice of Functionalizing Strategy
		4. Response to the Functionalizing Agents
		5. Properties of Functionalized Nanoparticles
			5.1 Morphology and Porosity
			5.2 Optical Properties
			5.3 Mechanical Properties
			5.4 Reduced Toxicity
			5.5 Electronic/Electrochemical Properties
		6. Functionalization Techniques
			6.1 Chemical Functionalization
			6.2 Ligand Exchange Process
			6.3 Grafting of Synthetic Polymers
			6.4 The Adsorption of Polymeric Dispersants
			6.5 In Situ Surface Modification
			6.6 Covalent Configuration
			6.7 Non-covalent Configuration
			6.8 Amorphous Nanoparticle Coating
			6.9 Intrinsic Surface Functionalization
			6.10 Self-assembly
			6.11 Supramolecular Functionalization
		7. Methodical Designing of Advanced Functional Nanomaterials: A Broad Split-Up
			7.1 Functionalization of CNT
			7.2 Functionalization of Graphene and Graphene Oxide
			7.3 Functionalization of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
			7.4 Functionalization of Silica-Based Nanomaterials
			7.5 Polymeric Nanomaterials
		8. Role of Functionalized Nanomaterials in Supercapacitors
			8.1 Case Studies
		9. Conclusion
		References
	4. Functionalized Nanomaterials as Supercapacitor Devices: Current Trends and Beyond
		1. Introduction
		2. Functionalized Materials for Supercapacitor Devices
			2.1 Functionalization of Carbonous Materials
			2.2 Functionalization of Non-carbonous Materials
			2.3 Functionalized Polymers for Supercapacitor
			2.4 Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors
		3. Future Perspective on Functionalized Materials
		4. Conclusion
		References
Part II. Fabrication of Functionalized Nanomaterials Based Supercapacitor Platforms
	5. Additive Manufacturing for Functionalized Nanomaterials Dedicated to Supercapacitors
		1. Introduction
			1.1 Supercapacitors
		2. Additive Manufacturing Process for Electrode Printing
			2.1 Stereolithography (SLA)
			2.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
			2.3 Inkjet Printing (IJP)
			2.4 Direct Ink Writing (DIW)
			2.5 Sheet Lamination
			2.6 Direct Energy Deposition (DED)
			2.7 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
		3. Nanomaterials for SCs
			3.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
			3.2 Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs)
			3.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs)
			3.4 MXenes
			3.5 Polymer Nanocomposites
		4. Challenges and Future Prospects
		5. Conclusion
		References
	6. Photolithographic Fabrication of Supercapacitor Electrodes
		1. Introduction
		2. Supercapacitor
		3. Supercapacitor Electrodes
		4. Fabrication Methods—Photolithography
		5. Supercapacitors Performances
		6. Applications of Supercapacitors
		7. Future Outlook
		References
	7. 3D Printing of Supercapacitor
		1. Introduction
			1.1 Supercapacitors
			1.2 Introduction to 3D Printing
		2. 3D Printing and Supercapacitors
			2.1 Printable Supercapacitor Materials
			2.2 Fabrication of SC by Different AM Processes
		3. Conclusion, Recommendation and Future Scope
		References
	8. Inkjet Printing Fabrication of Supercapacitors
		1. Introduction
		2. Basics of the InkJet Printing
		3. Formulation of Ink Behavior
		4. Inkjet Printed Electrodes for SC Applications
			4.1 Inkjet-Printed Carbon-Based Electroactive Materials
			4.2 Inkjet Printed Non-carbon-based Electroactive Materials
			4.3 Inkjet Printed Multilayered Electroactive Materials
			4.4 Inkjet Printed Hybrid Electroactive Materials
			4.5 InkJet Printed Current Collector Substrate
		5. Conclusion and Future Perspective
		References
	9. Pre & Post-Treatment of Functionalized Nanomaterials in Fabricating Supercapacitor Electrodes
		1. Introduction
		2. Brief of Functionalized Nanomaterial for Supercapacitor Application
			2.1 Carbon-Based Functionalized FNM
			2.2 Polymer-Based Functionalized FNM
			2.3 Metal-Based Supercapacitor Electrode Material
			2.4 Composite-Based Supercapacitor Electrode Materials
		3. Pre-treatment of Functionalized Nanomaterials
			3.1 Pre-Treatment Methods for Carbon-Based FNM
			3.2 Pre-treatment of Polymer-Based FNM
		4. Pre-treatment Methods for Metal-Based FNM
		5. Post-treatment for Functionalized Nanomaterials
			5.1 Thermal Treatment
			5.2 Plasma Treatment
			5.3 Sonochemical Treatment
		6. Conclusion
		References
Part III. Functionalized Nanomaterials Supercapacitor
	10. Functionalization Techniques for Carbon Dedicated to Electrochemical Use
		1. Introduction
		2. Functionalization Techniques of Carbon and Their Electrochemical Applications
			2.1 Oxidation
			2.2 Silanization
			2.3 Surfactant Adsorption
			2.4 Silylation
			2.5 Amidation
			2.6 Polymer Grafting
		3. Conclusion
		References
	11. Forms of Functionalized Carbon-Based Nanomaterials, Synthesis, Classifications, and Their Electrochemical Activities for Supercapacitors
		1. Introduction
		2. Classification of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		3. Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials
			3.1 Zero-Dimensional Carbon Allotropes
			3.2 One-Dimensional (1D) Carbon Allotropes
			3.3 Two-Dimensional (2D) Carbon Allotropes
			3.4 Three-Dimensional (3D) Carbon Allotropes
		4. Functionalization of Carbon Nanomaterials
			4.1 Functionalized CNTs for Supercapacitors
			4.2 Functionalized Graphene-Based Materials for Supercapacitors
			4.3 Functionalized Fullerene-Based Materials for Supercapacitors
			4.4 Functionalized Porous-Carbon Material for Supercapacitors
		5. Summary and Outlook
		References
	12. Functionalization Techniques for the Development of Metal-Oxide/Hydroxide-Based Supercapacitors
		1. Introduction
		2. Functionalization Techniques
			2.1 Intrinsic Alteration
			2.2 Recent Progress in Intrinsic Alteration Techniques
			2.3 Extrinsic Alteration
			2.4 Recent Progress in Extrinsic Alteration Techniques
			2.5 Electrode Engineering
			2.6 Recent Progress in Electrode Engineering Techniques
		3. Conclusion
		References
	13. Functionalization Techniques for the Development of Conducting Polymer-Based Supercapacitors
		1. Introduction
		2. Polymers
		3. Classification of Polymers
			3.1 Elementary Polymer Framework
			3.2 Copolymers
		4. Functionalization Techniques for Conducting Polymer
			4.1 Additions
			4.2 Substitutions
			4.3 Eliminations
			4.4 Isomerizations
		5. Conducting Polymer for Supercapacitors
			5.1 Graphene-Polymer Supercapacitors
			5.2 PANi
			5.3 PPy
			5.4 Pedot
		6. Metal Oxide-Polymer Supercapacitors
		7. Polymer Nanocomposites in Water Treatment and Food Packaging
		8. Water Treatment
		9. Food Packaging
			9.1 Active Packaging
			9.2 Antioxidant Systems
			9.3 Antimicrobial Systems
			9.4 Scavengers/Absorbers
			9.5 Intelligent Packaging
		10. Conclusion
		References
	14. Chemical Modifications for the Development of Conducting Polymer-Based Supercapacitors
		1. Introduction Conducting Polymer-Based Supercapacitors
		2. Functionalization Methods
			2.1 Doping
			2.2 Copolymerization
			2.3 Comparison of Functionalization Techniques
		3. Types of Conducting Polymer-Based Capacitors
			3.1 Electrochemical Supercapacitors
			3.2 Pseudocapacitors (PCs)
			3.3 Hybrid Supercapacitors
		4. Applications of Conducting Polymer-Based Supercapacitors
			4.1 Energy Storage
			4.2 Sensors
		5. Smart Grid Sensors
			5.1 Energy Conversion Devices
		References
Part IV. FNMs Based Supercapacitor for Environmental Applications
	15. Environmental Applications of Carbon-Based Supercapacitors
		1. Introduction
		2. Carbon Electrodes for Supercapacitor Applications
			2.1 Elemental Carbon
			2.2 Carbon Dots
			2.3 Graphite—Graphene Family
			2.4 Activated Carbon
			2.5 Carbon Nanotubes
		3. Environmental Aspects of Carbon Electrodes
			3.1 Green Synthesis of Carbon Derivatives
			3.2 Recycling of Carbon
			3.3 Environmental Applications of Carbon
		4. Conclusion
		References
	16. Metal Oxide and Hydroxide-Based Functionalized Nanomaterials as Supercapacitors and Their Environmental Impact
		1. Nanomaterials and Their Characteristics for Supercapacitors
		2. Fabrications and Designs of Semiconducting Metal-Oxides/Hydroxides
		3. Morphological Investigations of Modified Metal-Oxides for Supercapacitors
		4. Supercapacitor Applications of Metal-Oxides
			4.1 Aqueous Asymmetric Supercapacitor Devices
			4.2 Metal-Hydroxide-Based Supercapacitors
		5. Supercapacitors for Environmental Impacts
		6. Future Prospects and Conclusion
		References
	17. Eco-Friendly Conducting Polymer-Based Functionalized Nanocomposites Dedicated for Electrochemical Devices
		1. Introduction to Conducting Polymer
			1.1 Synthesis of Different Conducting Polymers
			1.2 Strategies for the Development of Tailor-Made Conducting Polymers
		2. Electrochemical Properties of Conducting Polymers
			2.1 Composite Materials
			2.2 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites
			2.3 Electrochemical Properties of Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites
		3. Application to Electrochemical Sensors
			3.1 Electrochemical Sensors
			3.2 Applications of Polyaniline and Related Nanocomposite Materials as Sensors
			3.3 Poly(o-anisidine) and Its Related Nanocomposite Material Sensor Applications
			3.4 Polypyrrole and Its Related Nanocomposite Material Sensor Applications
			3.5 Sensor Applications of Other Conducting Polymers and Their Related Nanocomposite Materials
		4. Conclusion
		References
	18. Comparison of Different Functionalized Materials for Supercapacitors: General Overview of the Environmental Awareness
		1. Introduction
			1.1 Need for Supercapacitor
		2. Types of Supercapacitors
			2.1 Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLCs)
			2.2 Pseudo-Capacitors
			2.3 Hybrid Capacitors
		3. Materials
			3.1 Transition Metal Oxides
			3.2 Metal Hydroxides
			3.3 Metal Sulfides
			3.4 Conducting Polymers
			3.5 Carbon-Based Materials
		4. Environmental Effects of Various Functionalized Material Electrodes
		5. Conclusion
		References
Part V. FNMs Based Supercapacitor for Food and Beverages Applications
	19. Role of FNMs-Based Supercapacitors in the Food and Beverage Industry
		1. Introduction
		2. Food and Beverage Contamination
			2.1 Inorganic Anions and Compounds
			2.2 Heavy Metals
			2.3 Toxins
		3. Functionalized Nanomaterials for Sensing in the Food and Beverage Industry
			3.1 Materials-Based Food and Beverage Supercapacitors
		4. Conclusions and Perspectives
		References
	20. Polymers Nanocomposite Supercapacitors for Water Treatment and Food Packaging
		1. Introduction
			1.1 Historical Background of Nanomaterials
			1.2 Supercapacitor
			1.3 Composites
		2. Food Packing for Nanomaterials
			2.1 Classification of Nano-packaging Systems
			2.2 Biobased Materials and Their Composites and Food Packing Application
			2.3 Essentials Oils (EOs) for Active Food Packaging
		3. Water Treatment
		4. Challenges and Food Active Specific Concerns
		References
Part VI. FNMs Based Supercapacitor for Health Care Applications
	21. Functional Polymer Nanocomposites as Supercapacitors for Health Care
		1. Introduction
		2. Flexible Supercapacitors
			2.1 Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
		3. Bioelectronics Powered by a Supercapacitor
			3.1 Wearable
			3.2 Implantable
			3.3 Sensing Unit
			3.4 Wireless Power Supply
			3.5 Self-Powering or Self-Healing
		4. Design Configuration and Fabrication Techniques
		5. Conclusions
		References
Part VII. FNMs Based Supercapacitor for Emerging Industrial Applications
	22. Functionalized Graphene and its Derivatives for Industrial Energy Storage
		1. Introduction
		2. Brief History of Graphene
		3. Methods for the Synthesis of Graphene
			3.1 Mechanical Exfoliation
			3.2 Ultrasonic Cleavage
			3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
			3.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition via Plasma Induction
			3.5 Chemical Exfoliation
			3.6 Thermal Reduction
			3.7 Unrolled Carbon Nanotube
			3.8 Graphene from Different Graphite Derivatives
		4. Basic Aspects of Graphene Functionalization
		5. Graphene Derivatives
			5.1 Graphene Oxide
			5.2 Fluorographene
			5.3 Graphane
			5.4 Graphane Nanoribbons
			5.5 Graphene-Carbon Nanocomposites
			5.6 Transition Metal Oxides (TMO)/Graphene Nanocomposites
			5.7 Graphene-Polymer Nanocomposites
			5.8 Modified Graphene Nanostructures
			5.9 Graphene/Transition Metal Nitrides (or Sulfide) Nanocomposites
		6. Characterization of Graphene
			6.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
			6.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
			6.3 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM)
			6.4 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
			6.5 Raman Spectroscopy
		7. Graphene and Its Derivatives for Industrial Energy Storage
			7.1 Supercapacitor
			7.2 Battery
		8. Conclusion and Future Work
		References
	23. Functionalized Carbon and Its Derivatives Dedicated to Supercapacitors in Industrial Applications
		1. Introduction
		2. Synthesis Strategies of Porous Carbon
			2.1 Carbonization-Activation Technique
			2.2 Template Methods
			2.3 Self-template Methods
		3. Factors Influencing Supercapacitance Based on Porous Carbon
			3.1 Specific Surface Area
			3.2 Surface Heteroatoms
			3.3 Electrode Structure
			3.4 Structural Defects
			3.5 Pore Structure
		4. Advantage of Pure/Porous Carbon as Compared to Other Earlier Materials Used in Supercapacitor Electrodes Fabrication
			4.1 Supercapacitor Carbon Electrodes
			4.2 Activated Carbon
			4.3 Carbon Nanotubes
			4.4 Graphene
			4.5 Onion-Like Carbon
			4.6 Carbide-Derived Carbon
		5. Parameters Required for Improving the Efficiency of Porous Carbon-Based Electrode
		6. Conclusion
		References
	24. FNM-Based Polymeric Nanocomposites Functionalized for Supercapacitor Applications in Different Industries
		1. Introduction
		2. Various Nanostructures for Functionalized Polymer Nanocomposite
		3. Carbon Nanostructure
			3.1 Single-Wall Nanotube
			3.2 Multi-Wall Nanotube (MWCNT)
			3.3 Carbon Nano Horn (CNH)
		4. Graphene Nanostructure
			4.1 Graphene/Single-Layer Graphite
			4.2 Graphite Nanoplatelets
			4.3 Graphene Oxide (GO)
			4.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide
		5. Functionalization Based on Metal Oxides as Fillers
		6. Nanoparticles as Fillers in Polymer Electrolytes
		7. Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites in Different Fields
			7.1 Buffer
			7.2 Power Harvesting
			7.3 Low-Resistance Capacitors for Military
			7.4 Nano Composite Supercapacitor
			7.5 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
			7.6 Railway
		References
Part VIII. Economics and Commercialization of FNMs Based Supercapacitor
	25 Current Trends in the Commercialization of Supercapacitors as Emerging Energy Storing Systems
		1. Introduction
		2. Historical Aspects of Supercapacitors
		3. Fundamentals of Energy Storage
		4. Upscale of Supercapacitors for Commercialization
		5. Importance of Supercapacitors in Current Markets
		6. Applicability of Supercapacitors in Marked and Economy
		7. Summary and Commercial Perspective of Supercapacitors
		8. Challenges and Future Opportunities
		9. Conclusion
		References
Part IX. Future of Functionalized Nanomaterials Based Supercapacitor
	26. Future of Nanotechnology and Functionalized Nanomaterials
		1. Introduction
		2. Need for Functionalized Nanomaterials
		3. Methods for Functionalizing Nanomaterials
			3.1 Covalent Functionalization
			3.2 Noncovalent Functionalization
			3.3 Intrinsic Surface Engineering
		4. Functionalization of Different Nanomaterials
			4.1 Functionalization of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
			4.2 Functionalized 2D TMDs
			4.3 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles
		5. Recent Updates and Use of FNM in Various Fields
			5.1 Industrial Application
			5.2 In Human Healthcare—Nanomedicine
			5.3 Environmental
			5.4 Inorganic and Heavy Metal Ion Removal
			5.5 Sensing Toxic Gases and Other Organic Compounds
			5.6 Electrochemical
			5.7 Optoelectronics
		6. Challenges and Future Perspectives
		7. Conclusion
		References
	27. FNM-Based Supercapacitor in Futuristic Application
		1. Introduction
		2. Brief of Supercapacitors
			2.1 Supercapacitor Against Other Energy Storage Devices
			2.2 Supercapacitor Categories and Operation Principle
		3. Role of Functionalized Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors
		4. Current Perspective and Challenges Using FNM-Based Supercapacitors
			4.1 Recent Development in the Supercapacitor Market
			4.2 Present Scenario of FNM-Based Supercapacitors
			4.3 Challenges for FNM-Based Supercapacitors
		5. Future Development of FNM-Based Supercapacitor
			5.1 Technical Aspects
			5.2 Application Aspect
		6. Conclusion
		References