Functionalised Cardiovascular Stents

Content: Front Cover --
Functionalized Cardiovascular Stents --
Copyright --
Contents --
List of contributors --
Preface --
Acknowledgments --
Part One: Fundamentals of cardiovascular stents --
Chapter 1: Overview of cardiovascular stent designs --
1.1 Introduction --
1.2 Percutaneous coronary interventions --
1.2.1 Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) --
1.3 Bare metal stents --
1.3.1 In-stent restenosis --
1.3.2 Stent platform design --
1.3.2.1 Stent construction --
1.3.2.2 Stent geometry --
1.3.2.3 Stent strut thickness --
1.3.2.4 Stent platform materials --
1.4 Drug-eluting stents --
1.4.1 DES design --
1.4.2 DES stent platforms --
1.4.3 DES drugs --
1.4.3.1 Sirolimus --
1.4.3.2 Paclitaxel --
1.4.4 Late-stent thrombosis and the search for better drugs --
1.4.4.1 Limus analogs --
1.4.5 DES drug delivery technologies --
1.4.5.1 Drug release profile --
1.4.5.2 Polymer-controlled drug release --
Permanent polymers --
Degradable polymers --
1.4.5.3 Polymer-free DES --
1.5 Bioresorbable stents --
1.6 Summary of current state of the art and future perspective --
References --
Further Reading --
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of bare-metal stents --
2.1 Clinical study of bare-metal stents --
2.2 Complimentary manufacturing of bare-metal stents --
2.3 Validation of mechanical properties of metals for bare-metal stent --
2.4 Material selection --
2.4.1 Iron and its alloys --
2.4.2 Magnesium and its alloys --
2.4.3 Stainless steel 316L --
2.5 Finite element analysis of stents --
2.6 Conclusions --
References --
Chapter 3: Development of drug-eluting stents (DES) --
3.1 First coronary intervention and development of stents --
3.2 Pathophysiology of restenosis --
3.3 Methods of testing stent performance and their limitations --
3.4 First-generation drug-eluting stents --
3.5 Second-generation DES --
3.5.1 Synthesis of data on currently approved DES. 3.6 Next-generation DES --
3.6.1 Abluminal coating --
3.6.2 Bioresorbable polymers --
3.6.3 Pro-healing stents --
3.6.4 Bioresorbable stents --
3.7 Conclusion --
References --
Chapter 4: Polymer-free drug-eluting stents --
4.1 Introduction --
4.2 Moving beyond polymer controlled stent drug release --
4.2.1 Rationale for polymer-free drug-eluting stents --
4.2.2 Sustained drug release for clinical efficacy --
4.3 Direct coating of drug --
4.4 Stent platform modifications --
4.4.1 Macroporous stents --
4.4.1.1 NEVO stent --
4.4.1.2 Janus Carbostent --
4.4.1.3 Cre8 --
4.4.1.4 Polymer-free drug-filled stent --
4.4.2 Microporous stents --
4.4.2.1 Yukon stent --
4.4.2.2 BioFreedom --
4.4.2.3 YINYI stent --
4.4.2.4 VESTASYNC --
4.4.3 Nanoporous stents --
4.5 Role of stent surface in vessel healing --
4.6 Summary and future perspectives --
References --
Online sources --
Chapter 5: Fundamentals of bioresorbable stents --
5.1 Introduction --
5.1.1 Concept of bioresorbable scaffolds (BRS) --
5.1.2 Current limitations of bioresorbable stents --
5.1.2.1 Insufficient mechanical strength --
5.1.2.2 Lack of radiopacity --
5.2 Current bioresorbable stents technology --
5.2.1 PLLA-based scaffolds --
5.2.1.1 Bioresorption process of PLLA --
5.2.1.2 Abbott vascular BVS --
5.2.1.3 Elixir Medical Corp. DESolve --
5.2.1.4 Amaranth Medical BRS --
5.2.1.5 Manli Cardiology MIRAGE --
5.2.1.6 Other PLLA-based scaffolds --
5.2.2 Other polymeric scaffolds --
5.2.2.1 REVA Medical ReZolve and Fantom --
5.2.2.2 Xenogenics Corp. IDEAL (Xenogenics) --
5.2.3 Biodegradable metallic stents --
5.2.3.1 Magnesium stents --
BIOTRONIK drug-eluting absorbable magnesium scaffolds (DREAMS) --
Envision Scientific BIOLUTE --
5.2.3.2 Iron stents --
Life Tech Scientific iron-based bioresorbable scaffold (IBS) --
5.2.4 Clinical outcomes of the Absorb BVS --
5.3 Future perspectives --
References. Further Reading --
Chapter 6: Bioabsorbable metallic stents --
6.1 Introduction --
6.2 General design criterions of bioabsorbable metallic stents --
6.2.1 Healing procedure of blood vessels --
6.2.2 Desired performance of bioabsorbable metallic stents --
6.3 Development of Mg-based bioabsorbable metallic stents --
6.3.1 The physiological function of Mg --
6.3.2 The mechanical properties of Mg and its alloys --
6.3.3 In vitro testing of Mg-based bioabsorbable metals in cardiovascular applications --
6.3.4 In vivo testing of Mg-based bioabsorbable metallic stents within blood vessel --
6.3.4.1 Animal testing of Mg-based bioabsorbable metallic stents --
6.3.4.2 Clinical testing of Mg-based bioabsorbable metallic stents --
6.4 Development of Fe-based bioabsorbable metallic stents --
6.4.1 The physiological function of Fe --
6.4.2 The mechanical properties of Fe and its alloys --
6.4.3 In vitro testing of Fe-based bioabsorbable metals for cardiovascular application --
6.4.4 Animal testing of Fe-based bioabsorbable metals for cardiovascular application --
6.5 Development of Zn-based bioabsorbable metallic stents --
6.5.1 The physiological function of Zn --
6.5.2 The mechanical properties of Zn and its alloys --
6.5.3 In vitro testing of Zn-based bioabsorbable metals for cardiovascular application --
6.5.4 Animal testing of Zn-based bioabsorbable metals within blood vessel --
6.6 Challenges and opportunities for bioabsorbable metallic stents --
References --
Part Two: Coatings and surface modification of cardiovascular stents --
Chapter 7: Physico-chemical stent surface modifications --
7.1 Introduction --
7.2 Stent surface functionalization --
7.2.1 Polymer functionalized surface --
7.2.2 Metal oxides functionalized surface --
7.2.3 Metal functionalized surface --
7.2.4 Endothelial cells functionalized surface. 7.2.5 Antibody fragments functionalized surface --
7.3 Thiol groups functionalized surface --
7.3.1 Mercaptosilanization procedure --
7.3.2 Spectroscopic characterization of mercaptosilanized surface --
7.3.3 In vitro studies --
7.4 Conclusion --
References --
Chapter 8: Chemical vapor deposition of cardiac stents --
8.1 Introduction --
8.2 Chemical vapor deposition --
8.3 CVD passivation process evaluation --
8.3.1 Passivation by SiC-in-vitro evaluation --
8.3.2 Passivation by SiC-clinical evaluation --
8.4 Discussion --
8.5 Conclusion --
References --
Further Reading --
Chapter 9: Polymer coatings for biocompatibility and reduced nonspecific adsorption --
9.1 Introduction --
9.2 Classification of plasma --
9.2.1 Nonthermal plasma --
9.2.2 Low pressure plasmas --
9.2.2.1 DC glow discharge --
9.2.2.2 Radio frequency discharge --
9.2.2.3 Microwave discharge --
9.2.2.4 Plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) --
9.2.3 Cold atmospheric pressure plasma --
9.2.3.1 Corona discharge --
9.2.3.2 Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) --
9.2.3.3 Atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) --
9.2.3.4 Atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) --
9.3 Added value of nonthermal plasma for stent applications: Polymer coatings --
9.3.1 Poly ethylene glycol (PEG): Antifouling coating --
9.3.2 Heparin: Anticoagulation coatings --
9.3.3 Chitosan: Antimicrobial and antithrombogenic coatings --
9.3.4 Acrylic acid: Cytocompatible coatings --
9.3.5 Diamond like carbon (DLC): Biocompatible coating --
9.3.6 Other biocompatible coatings --
9.4 Conclusion --
Acknowledgments --
References --
Chapter 10: Coating stability for stents --
10.1 Static tests --
10.2 Dynamic tests --
10.3 Adhesion --
10.4 DES and biodegradable polymers --
10.5 Stability tests involving endothelial cells --
10.6 Conclusions and perspectives --
References. Chapter 11: Simple one-step covalent immobilization of bioactive agents without use of chemicals on plasma-activated low t ... --
11.1 Functionalization of stents to improve their clinical performance --
11.1.1 Methods of covalent immobilization of biomolecules on metals --
11.1.2 Chemical linkers and spacers --
11.2 Bioengineering of plasma-activated coatings for stents --
11.2.1 The plasma deposition process --
11.2.2 Mechanically resilient and functional PAC for vascular stents --
11.2.3 Deposition of PAC on stents of varied design and composition --
11.3 Biological properties of PAC coated stents --
11.3.1 Blood compatibility --
11.3.2 Covalent protein immobilization --
11.3.2.1 Tropoelastin --
11.3.2.2 Other ECM proteins --
11.3.3 Bioactive attachment of enzymes --
11.3.4 Summary --
References --
Part Three: Biofunctionalisation of cardiovascular stent surfaces --
Chapter 12: Chemistry of targeted immobilization of biomediators --
12.1 Introduction --
12.2 Targeted immobilization chemistries --
12.2.1 Amine conjugation --
12.2.2 Sulfhydryl-reactive conjugations --
12.2.3 Sialanization --
12.2.4 Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer --
12.2.5 Chemoselective ligation --
12.3 Future trends --
References --
Chapter 13: Functionalized cardiovascular stents: Cardiovascular stents incorporated with stem cells --
13.1 Introduction --
13.2 Adventitial biology for coronary artery disease (CAD) --
13.2.1 Significance of macrophage in atherosclerotic plaque --
13.2.2 Macrophage-autophagy (MA) dysfunction in atherosclerotic plaque --
13.3 Role of stem/progenitor cells in atherosclerosis --
13.3.1 Migration of BM-SPCs --
13.3.2 Significance of adventitia SPCs --
13.3.3 Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) --
13.3.4 Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) --
13.4 Current treatment strategies against atherosclerosis.