Functional Polymers and Nanomaterials for Emerging Membrane Applications

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Emerging Materials and Technologies Series
Functional Polymers and Nanomaterials for Emerging Membrane Applications
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Contents
Preface
Authors
1. Introduction of Functional Nanomaterials and Polymers
	1.1 Nanotechnology
	1.2 Polymeric Membrane Materials
	1.3 Functional Materials
	1.4 Functional Polymers
		1.4.1 Water Treatment
		1.4.2 Desalination
		1.4.3 Fuel Cells
	References
2. Classification of Functional Nanomaterials and Polymers
	2.1 Definition
	2.2 Functional Polymers
	2.3 Functionalization of Nanomaterials
	2.4 Classification of Functionalized Nanoparticles
		2.4.1 Carbon-based Nanomaterials
		2.4.2 Inorganic-Based Nanomaterials
		2.4.3 Metal–Organic Framework
	2.5 Why Should Nanoparticles Be Functionalized?
	2.6 How Are Nanoparticles Functionalized?
		2.6.1 Inorganic Nanomaterials
			2.6.1.1 Functionalization of Titanium Dioxide
				2.6.1.1.1 PAA-TiO2 -functionalized Nanoparticles
			2.6.1.2 Functionalization of SiO2
				2.6.1.2.1 Functionalized PSf/SiO2 Nanocomposite Membrane
				2.6.1.2.2 Functionalized PVA/SiO2 Nanoparticles
			2.6.1.3 Functionalization of CNTs
				2.6.1.3.1 Multiwalled CNT Functionalized with Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid (DTPA)
				2.6.1.3.2 Tannic Acid–FeIII -functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (TA-MWNTs)
				2.6.1.3.3 Oleic Acid-functionalized CNTs
			2.6.1.4 Functionalization of Graphene Oxide
				2.6.1.4.1 Sulfonic Acid-functionalized GO
				2.6.1.4.2 Tannic Acid-functionalized GO
				2.6.1.4.3 PAA-functionalized GO
	References
3. Preparation of Functional Nanomaterials and Polymers
	3.1 Functionalization Methods
		3.1.1 Hydrothermal Method
			3.1.1.1 Synthesis of ZnS Nanoparticles by Hydrothermal Method
		3.1.2 Solvothermal Method
			3.1.2.1 Solvothermal Synthesis of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Graphene Oxide Nanosheets
			3.1.2.2 Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide–TiO2 Nanoparticles by Solvothermal Method
		3.1.3 Sol-Gel Method
	3.2 Types of Polymerization
		3.2.1 Anionic Polymerization
			3.2.1.1 Synthesis of Polymer/Silica Hybrid Nanoparticles Using Anionic Polymerization
		3.2.2 Cationic Polymerization
		3.2.3 Post Polymerization
			(i) Plasma polymerization
			(ii) Interfacial polymerization
			(iii) Free-radical polymerization
			3.2.3.1 Synthesis of PPEGMA-g-ZnO Nanocomposites Via in situ Free-radical Polymerization
		3.2.4 Polycondensation
		3.2.5 In Situ Polymerization
		3.2.6 Synthesis of Functional Polymers by Post Modification
			3.2.6.1 Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO by TMSPMA
	3.3 Applications of Functional Polymers and Nanomaterials
		3.3.1 Wastewater Treatment
		3.3.2 Textile Applications
		3.3.3 Food Packaging
		3.3.4 Other Industrial Applications
		3.3.5 Sensors
		3.3.6 Energy Storage
		3.3.7 Catalysis
	References
4. Structural Properties of Functional Nanomaterials and Polymers
	4.1 Overview of the Structure and Properties of Functional Nanomaterials and Polymers
	4.2 Structures and Properties
		4.2.1 Amine Group-based Functionalization of Nanomaterials and Polymers
		4.2.2 Imine Group-based Functionalization of Nanomaterials and Polymers
		4.2.3 Phosphonic Group-based Functionalization of Nanomaterials and Polymers
		4.2.4 Carboxyl Group-based Functionalization of Nanomaterials and Polymers
		4.2.5 Hydroxyl Group-based Functionalization of Nanomaterials and Polymers
		4.2.6 Sulfonic Group-based Functionalization of Nanomaterials and Polymers
	References
5. Functional Nanomaterials and Polymers for Wastewater Treatment
	5.1 Overview of Wastewater Treatment and Its Approaches
		5.1.1 Background
	5.2 Functional Polymeric Materials Used in Wastewater Treatment
		5.2.1 Treatment Approaches
			5.2.1.1 Heavy Metal Removal
			5.2.1.2 Organic Pollutant Removal
			5.2.1.3 Elimination of Nutrients
		5.2.2 Flocculation and Coagulation
		5.2.3 Various Functional Polymeric Materials for Membrane Separation
	5.3 Types of Membrane Functional Polymers and Nanomaterials
		5.3.1 Cationic Polymers and SiO2 to Treat Pesticides in Wastewater
		5.3.2 Sulfonated Polymers and SiO2 to Treat Pesticides in Wastewater
		5.3.3 Hydroxyl Group-Functionalized Polymeric Membrane for Removal of Pesticides from Wastewater
		5.3.4 Antibiotics Can Be Removed From Wastewater Using Cationic Functionalized Membranes
		5.3.5 Sulfonated Polymers for the Treatment of Antibiotics in Wastewater
		5.3.6 Hydroxyl Group-Incorporated Polymeric Membranes to Treat Antibiotics in Wastewater
	5.4 Potential and Challenges
	References
6. Functional Nanomaterials and Polymers for Desalination
	6.1 Brief Overview of Desalination and Its Processes
	6.2 Types of Functionalized Nanomaterials
		6.2.1 Functionalized Silica
		6.2.2 Functionalized Aluminum
		6.2.3 Functionalized TiO2
		6.2.4 Fluorine-Functionalized
		6.2.5 Amino-Functionalized
		6.2.6 Functionalized CNTs
		6.2.7 Metal–Organic Frameworks
			6.2.7.1 UiO-66(Zr)-
			6.2.7.2 Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs)
		6.2.8 Covalent Organic Frameworks
	References
7. Functional Nanomaterials and Polymeric Materials for Bioremediation
	7.1 Overview of Bioremediation Process
	7.2 Nanoadsorbents
	7.3 Heavy Metal Separation Techniques
		7.3.1 Metal Nanoparticles
			7.3.1.1 Role of Silver (Ag) Nanoparticles in Heavy Metal Removal
			7.3.1.2 Iron-based Nanomaterials in Heavy Metal Removal
			7.3.1.3 Titanium-based Nanomaterials in Heavy Metal Removal
			7.3.1.4 Manganese-based Nanomaterials in Heavy Metal Removal
			7.3.1.5 Carbon-based Nanomaterials in Heavy Metal Removal
			7.3.1.6 Other Inorganic Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Removal
		7.3.2 Functionalized Polymers and Nanomaterials for Oil–Water Separation
			7.3.2.1 Carbon-based Materials for Removal of Dyes and Oil/Water
			7.3.2.2 Functionalization of Nanodiamond Materials with Octadecylamine for Removal of Oil/Water
			7.3.2.3 Commercial Polymeric Spongy Materials for Oil–Water Removal
			7.3.2.4 TiO2-based Nanomaterials for Oil–Water Removal
		7.3.3 Polymeric Materials Used for Bioremediation
			7.3.3.1 Silica-based Functionalized Polymer
			7.3.3.2 Amine-Functionalized Polymers
		7.3.4 Membrane Technology in Heavy Metal Removal
			7.3.4.1 Polyacrylonitrile Membrane
			7.3.4.2 Sulfonated Pentablock Copolymer Membrane Addition of Graphene Oxide
			7.3.4.3 Plasma-Modified Membranes Used for Oil–Water Separation
	References
8. Energy Applications of Functional Nanomaterials and Polymers
	8.1 Brief Overview of Functional Nanomaterials and Polymers in Energy Applications
	8.2 Application of Functionalized Nanomaterials and Polymers in Energy
		8.2.1 Fuel Cells
		8.2.2 Solar Cells
		8.2.3 Batteries
			8.2.3.1 Uses of Functionalized Nanomaterials in Batteries
			8.2.3.2 How We Can Use Functionalized Nanomaterials in Batteries?
			8.2.3.3 Functionalized Polymers in Batteries
			8.2.3.4 Use of Functionalized Polymers in Batteries
		8.2.4 Flow Battery
	8.3 Challenges of Using Functionalized Nanomaterials and Polymers in Energy Systems
	References
9. Potentials and Challenges of Functional Nanomaterials and Polymers
	9.1 Brief Discussion on Potential Industrial Application of Functional Polymers and Nanomaterials
	9.2 Chemical Engineering Industries: Nanomaterial Fabrication Techniques and Challenges
	9.3 Nanoscale Synthesis of Carbon-based Nanoparticles
	9.4 TiO 2 Particle Dispersion and Coatings
	9.5 Overview of Functional Materials Used in Biofuel Industries
	9.6 Commonly Used Functional Materials and Processes
	9.7 Application of Functional Nanomaterials and Polymers in Food and Textile Industries
		9.7.1 Nanotechnology and Functionalized Materials in Food Industries
			9.7.1.1 Usage of Functionalized Polylactic Acid in Food Industry
			9.7.1.2 Food Processing
			9.7.1.3 Preservation, Shelf-life, and Nutritional Value
			9.7.1.4 Food Packaging
		9.7.2 Textile Industries
			9.7.2.1 Textile Functional Materials
				9.7.2.1.1 Phase-change Materials, Fire Retardants, and Fragrance Finishes
				9.7.2.1.2 Functionality in Textiles—Microencapsulation
				9.7.2.1.3 Deodorant Functional Textiles
				9.7.2.1.4 Benefi ts of Functionalization by Microencapsulation
	9.8 Industrial Challenges of Functional Materials
	References
10. Conclusion: Functional Nanomaterials and Polymers
	10.1 Preparation of Functionalized Polymers and Nanomaterials
	10.2 Functionalized Nanomaterials and Polymers in Wastewater Treatment
	10.3 Functionalized Nanomaterials and Polymers in Desalination
	10.4 Functionalized Nanomaterials and Polymers in Bioremediation
	10.5 Functionalized Nanomaterials and Polymers in Energy Storage
	10.6 Functional Nanomaterials: Industrial Potential and Challenges
	10.7 Challenges of Functionalized Nanomaterials in the Environment
	References
Index