Functional Neurosurgery and Neuromodulation, 1e

Cover
Functional Neurosurgery and Neuromodulation
Copyright
List of Contributors
Introduction
1. Facial Pain Classification and Outcome Measurement
	Introduction
	Facial Pain Classification
	Clinical Outcomes
	Conclusion
	References
2. Microvascular Decompression
	Introduction
	History
	Pathophysiology
	Alternative Treatments
	Preoperative Evaluation
	Procedure
	Outcome
	References
	Further Reading
3. Trigeminal Ganglion/Rootlets Ablation for Pain
	Introduction
	Preoperative Considerations
	Surgical Considerations
		Anesthesia
		Localization and Targeting of the Foramen Ovale and Gasserian Ganglion
		Prelesional Electrical Stimulation
		Postlesioning
	Discussion
		Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia
		Outcome of Percutaneous Radiofrequency Trigeminal Gangliolysis
		Complications of Percutaneous Radiofrequency Trigeminal Gangliolysis
		Radiofrequency Thermoablation and Pulsed Radiofrequency
		Localization Adjuncts
	Conclusion
	References
	Further Reading
4. Management of Peripheral Nerve Neuralgia
	Historical Background
	Pathophysiology of Peripheral Neuropathic Pain
	Patient Assessment
	Investigations
	Treatment
	Conclusion
	References
5. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
	Introduction
	Mechanism of Neurostimulation
	Indications
	Workup and Assessment
	Open Placement of Peripheral Neurostimulation
	Percutaneous Placement of Peripheral Neurostimulation
	Trigeminal Branch Stimulation
	Stimulation for Occipital Neuralgia
	Postamputation Limb Pain
	Peripheral Nerve/Field Stimulation
	Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
	External Pulse Generators
	Conclusion
	References
6. Spinal Cord Stimulation
	Spinal Cord Stimulation for Pain
		Mechanism of Neuromodulation
		Clinical Use
			Indications
			Contraindications
		Complications and Risks
		Protocol
			Spinal cord stimulation trial
			Permanent implantation
			Follow-up
		Developments in Spinal Cord Stimulation
			Waveforms
			Advanced algorithmic and positional stimulation
			Targets
			Future of spinal cord stimulation
	References
	Further Reading
7. Advances in Spinal Modulation: New Stimulation Waveforms and Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation
	Introduction
	Conventional Spinal Cord Stimulation
	High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation
	Burst Spinal Cord Stimulation
	High-Density Simulation
	Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation
	Summary
	References
8. Occipital Nerve Stimulation
	Introduction
	Anatomical and Clinical Features
	Conservative and Surgical Treatments
	Patient Selection
	Occipital Nerve Stimulation Technique
	Outcomes
	Conclusion
	References
9. Spinal Ablation for Cancer Pain (Cordotomy and Myelotomy)
	Introduction
	Cordotomy
		Indications
		Intraprocedural Imaging Considerations
		Surgical Techniques
		Complications
	Myelotomy
		Surgical Techniques
			Open limited myelotomy
			Percutaneous radiofrequency lesioning
			Percutaneous mechanical lesioning
		Complications
	Conclusion
	References
	Further Reading
10. Intrathecal Drug Delivery Systems for Pain: A Case-Based Approach
	Key Questions
	Preoperative
	Patient Selection
	Other Screening
	Preoperative Planning
	Surgical Procedure
	Postimplantation Management
	Treatment of Noncancer Pain
	Conclusion
	References
11. Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesioning for Brachial Plexus Avulsion Pain
	Introduction
	Anatomy
	Preoperative Evaluation
	Surgical Technique
	Potential Complications
	Outcomes
		Efficacy and Durability of DREZotomy for BPA Pain
		Prognostic Factors
		Other Treatment Modalities
	Conclusion
	References
12. Trigeminal Tractotomy-Nucleotomy
	Introduction
	Relevant Anatomy
	History and Background
	Indications
	Technique
	Adverse Effects
	Outcomes
	Future Directions
	Conclusions
	References
	Further Reading
13. Presurgical Localization of Epilepsy
	Introduction
		Presurgical Localization: Scope of Discussion, Prerequisites, and Definitions
	Presurgical Localization of Epilepsy: Standard Evaluation
		History and Physical Examination
		Video-EEG Monitoring
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		Neuropsychological Testing
		Summation and Integration of Findings From the Standard Evaluation
	Presurgical Localization of Epilepsy: Tailored Evaluation
		Positron Emission Tomography
		Single Photon Emission Tomography
			Magnetoencephalography
			Semiinvasive evaluation
			Intracarotid amobarbital procedure (Wada test), functional magnetic resonance imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging
		Assessment and integration of findings from the expanded noninvasive evaluation
			Intracranial monitoring
	Conclusion: Synthesis of Findings, Localization, and Surgical Decision-Making
	References
14. Intraoperative Functional Cortical Localization
	Introduction
	Indications
	Preoperative and Extraoperative Methods
	Intraoperative Methods
		During Sleep/Anesthesia
		Awake Mapping
	References
15. Vagus Nerve Stimulation
	Introduction
	Mechanism
	Procedure
	Outcomes
	Complications
	References
16. Stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG) Versus Grids and Strips
	Introduction
	Intracranial Monitoring: Subdural Electrodes
		Hardware Specifications
		Implantation Procedure
		Postoperative Course
		Complications
	Intracranial Monitoring: Stereoelectroencephalography
		Hardware Specifications
		Implantation Procedure
		Postoperative Course
		Complications
	Selection of Subdural Electrodes Versus Stereoelectroencephalography
	Summary
	References
17. Transcortical Selective Microsurgical Amygdalohippocampectomy for Medically Intractable Seizures Originating in the Mesial  ...
	Background
	Transcortical Approach to Selective Microsurgical Amygdalohippocampectomy
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Surgical Considerations
		Complications
	Other Approaches to Selective Microsurgical Amygdalohippocampectomy
		Transsylvian Approach
		Subtemporal Approach
	Conclusions
	References
18. Cortical Dysplasia and Extratemporal Resections in Epilepsy
	INTRODUCTION
	FOCAL CORTICAL DYSPLASIA CLASSIFICATION
		Focal Cortical Dysplasia Type 1
		Focal Cortical Dysplasia Type 2
		Focal Cortical Dysplasia Type 3
	CLINICAL PRESENTATION
	PRESURGICAL EVALUATION
		Electroencephalogram
		Imaging
		Intracranial Electrode Placement
		Surgical Technique
		Surgical Outcomes
	CONCLUSION
	REFERENCES
19. Responsive Neurostimulation
	Introduction
	RNS System Functionality
	Evidence for Safety and Efficacy
	Effects of RNS System on Mood and Cognition
	Safety Considerations
	Patient Selection
	Contraindications
	Conclusions
	References
20. Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)
	Introduction
	Background
	Assistive Brain-Computer Interface
		Noninvasive: Beta and Mu Waves, Beta-Band Desynchronization, Slow Cortical Potentials, and Evoked Response Potentials
		Invasive—Electrocorticography and Gamma Band Activity
		Invasive—Single-Unit Recording
	Rehabilitative Brain-Computer Interface
		Closed-Loop Systems: Brain-Computer-Brain Interfaces
	Conclusion
	References
21. Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy
	Introduction
	History
		Laser Development and Early Uses
		Animal Models in Neurosurgery
		Introduction of the CO2 Laser
		Transition to Human Use
		Evolution to Laser-Induced Thermal Therapy and Further Advances
		Introduction of Imaging and Real-Time Monitoring
	Physics and Hardware of Laser-Induced Thermal Therapy
	Indications and Decision-Making
	Surgical Procedure
	Current Uses
		Malignant Gliomas
		Cerebral Metastases and Radiation Necrosis
		Epilepsy
		Chronic Pain
		Pediatric Neurooncology and Epilepsy
	Reported Complications
		Neurologic Deficits
		Hemorrhage
		Infection
		Refractory Edema
		Inaccurate Laser Placement
		Complication Avoidance
	Future Directions
	References
22. Microelectrode Recording in Functional Neurosurgery
	Introduction
	Microelectrode Technology and Technique
	Globus Pallidus
		Microelectrode Mapping of Globus Pallidus Interna
	Ventral Thalamus
		Microelectrode Mapping of Vc, Vim, and Voa/Vop
	Subthalamic Nucleus
		Microelectrode Mapping of Subthalamic Nucleus
	The Case for (and Against) Mapping
		Potential Advantages
		Potential Disadvantages
	Summary
	References
23. CT-Guided Asleep DBS
	Introduction
	Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation Procedure
		Imaging
		Surgical Technique
	Outcomes of Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation
		Electrode Accuracy
		Intracranial Air
		Clinical Outcomes
		Costs of Deep Brain Stimulation
	Discussion
		Electrode Accuracy
		Intracranial Air
		Outcomes of Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation
		Cost
	Conclusions
	References
24. Interventional MRI–Guided Deep Brain Stimulation
	References
25. Surgical Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders
	History
	Neurophysiology and Connectivity
	Indications
		Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
		Major Depressive Disorder
	Tourette's Syndrome
	Other Psychiatric Disorders
	Ethics
	Other Treatments
	Future Directions
	References
26. Closed-Loop and Responsive Neurostimulation
	Introduction
	Control Systems
		Open-Loop Systems
		Closed-Loop Systems
		Adaptive Systems
		Responsive Systems
	Biomarkers
		The Ideal Biomarker
		Physical Biomarkers
		Subjective/Experiential Biomarkers
		Electric Biomarkers
		Chemical Biomarkers
		Physiologic Biomarkers
		Functional Biomarkers
			Anatomic network state
			Functional network state
	Current and Future Applications to Neurosurgery
		Cranial Procedures
			Movement disorders
			Epilepsy
			Psychiatric disorders
			Central pain disorders
		Extracranial Procedures
			Epidural spinal cord stimulation
	Conclusion
	References
27. Robotics in Stereotactic Neurosurgery
	Introduction
	Robotic Surgery
	Robotics in Neurosurgery
	Neurosurgical Robotic Systems
		Mazor Robotics Renaissance Guidance System
		Neurosurgical Robotic Systems
			ROSA® technology
		Neuromate Robot
	Advantages of Robotics
		Reproducibility and Efficiency
		Flexibility in Trajectory Planning
		Marketability
	Disadvantages of Robotics
		Verification of Accuracy
		Long-Term Reliability
		Operating Room Space
		Cost
	Future Directions
	Summary
	References
28. Central and Peripheral Neurosurgical Ablative Techniques for Hypertonia
	Background and Definitions
	Pathophysiology of Hypertonia
		Abnormal Descending Control
		Changes at the Spinal Level
		Changes in the Skeletal Muscles
	Evaluation of Hypertonia and Musculoskeletal Consequences
	Physical Assessment
	Electrophysiologic Assessment
	Preoperative Diagnosis of the Type of Hypertonia and Impact on Outcome Measures
	History of Neurosurgical Ablative Techniques
	Treatment Selection and Management Algorithms
	Central Ablative Techniques
		In Spinal Cord
			Dorsal root entry zone ablation
				Indications
				Indications
				Surgical technique
				Surgical technique
				Outcome
				Outcome
				Complications
				Complications
			Myelotomy
				Outcome
				Outcome
		Brain Ablative Procedures
			Stereotactic brain lesioning
				Surgical technique
				Surgical technique
				Thalamotomy
				Thalamotomy
				Pallidotomy
				Pallidotomy
				Outcome
				Outcome
	Peripheral Ablative Techniques
		Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy
		Indications
		Contraindications
		Surgical Techniques
		Outcome
			Complications
			Combined anterior and posterior rhizotomy
		Complications
		Selective Peripheral Denervation (Bertrand procedure)
	Selective Peripheral Neurotomy
	The Principle of Action
		Partial Denervation and Differential Regeneration
		Indication
			Preoperative motor block
		Surgical Techniques
		Selective Neurotomies in Lower Limbs
			Obturator neurotomy
			Sciatic neurotomy
			Tibial neurotomy
			Femoral neurotomy
			Common peroneal neurotomy
		Selective Peripheral Neurotomies in Upper Limbs
			Brachial plexus neurotomy
			Musculocutaneous neurotomy
			Median neurotomy
			Ulnar neurotomy
			Complications
	References
29. IDDS for Spasticity, Dystonia, and Rigidity
	Origins and Treatment
	Baclofen for Spasticity
	Alternative Oral Medications
	Workup Before Surgery
	Hardware Options
	Surgical Technique
	Positioning
	Surgery
	Infection Control
	Postoperative Considerations
	Where Is the Drug?
	Baclofen Withdrawal
	Baclofen Overdose
	Managing Complications
	Orthopedic Considerations
	Baclofen Intrathecal Drug Delivery in Major Deformity Surgery for Scoliosis
	Conclusion
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z